Mattoo, AadityaOlarreaga, Marcelo2014-08-282014-08-282000-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/19831Negotiations on trade in services at the World Trade Organization (WTO) have so far produced little liberalization beyond levels countries have undertaken unilaterally. One reason: limited application of the traditional negotiating principle of reciprocity. In particular, participants have failed to exploit the scope of the services agreement (General Agreement on Trade in Services -GATS) for the exchange of market-access "concessions" across different modes of supply - cross-border delivery and the movement of capital and workers. Using the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek framework, the authors propose a negotiating formula that generalizes the fundamental WTO principle of reciprocity to include alternative modes of delivery. Adoption of this formula as a basis for negotiations could bring greater commitments to liberalization on all modes of delivery, producing substantial gains in global welfare and more balanced outcomes.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAGRICULTUREBALANCE OF CONCESSIONSBILATERAL TRADEBORDER TRADECAPITAL MARKETCARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCENTRAL BANKSCOMMERCIAL PRESENCECOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPETITIVENESSCONCESSIONSCONSUMERSCROSS-BORDER DELIVERYCROSS-BORDER EXPORTSCROSS-BORDER TRADECURRENT ACCOUNTCURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCEDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENTDOMESTIC FIRMSDOMESTIC REFORMECONOMIC THEORYECONOMISTSELASTICITYEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPLOYMENTENTITLEMENTSEQUILIBRIUMEXPORT VOLUMEEXPORTERSFACTOR PRICEFACTORS OF PRODUCTIONFOREIGN CAPITALFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN FACTORSFOREIGN INVESTMENTFOREIGN LABORFOREIGN MARKETSFOREIGN OWNERSHIPFOREIGN SERVICE PROVIDERSFORESTRYGATSGENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCESIMPORT VOLUMEIMPORTSINCOMEINCREASING RETURNSINCREASING RETURNS TO SCALEINPUT-OUTPUT TABLESJOINT IMPLEMENTATIONMARKET ACCESSMODES OF SUPPLYMOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONSMULTILATERAL TRADEMULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONSNET EXPORTSNON-DISCRIMINATORY BASISNON-TARIFF BARRIERSOPENNESSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPRICE DIFFERENCESQUOTASRECIPROCAL REDUCTIONRECIPROCITYRETURNS TO SCALESERVICE SECTORSERVICE SUPPLIERSSERVICESSERVICES AGREEMENTSERVICES NEGOTIATIONSSERVICES SECTORSTARIFF BARRIERSTARIFF EQUIVALENTSTARIFF REDUCTIONTERMS OF TRADETERMS OF TRADE EFFECTSTOTAL OUTPUTTRADETRADETRADE BALANCETRADE EFFECTTRADE IN SERVICESTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE OPENINGTRADE PATTERNTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADING PARTNERSUNILATERAL LIBERALIZATIONURUGUAY ROUNDVOLUME OF TRADEWELFARE EFFECTSWELFARE GAINSWORLD PRICESWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWORLD TRADING SYSTEMWTO10.1596/1813-9450-2373