Ramana, G.N.V.Wang, Huihui2015-08-312015-08-312014-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/22571A low-income country, Ethiopia has made impressive progress in improving health outcomes. The Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation reported that Ethiopia has achieved Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4, three years ahead of target, with under-5 mortality at 68 per 1,000 live births in 2012. Significant challenges remain, however, with the maternal mortality ratio at 420 out of 100,000 live births. The government has introduced a three-tier public health care delivery system to deliver essential health services and ensure referral linkages, with level three as specialized hospitals (one per 3.5 million 5 million population), level two as general hospitals (one per 1 million 1.5 million), level one as primary hospitals (one per 60,000 100,000) with satellite health centers (one per 15,000 25,000) and health posts (one per 3,000 5,000). One initiative contributing greatly toward universal health coverage (UHC) is the Health Extension Program (HEP) that provides free primary care services at health posts and communities. The country is at its early stage initiating insurance schemes to provide financial protection for its citizens: Social Health Insurance (SHI) for formal sector employees and Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI) for rural residents and informal sector employees. Public facilities are expected to provide exempted services for free, and there is a fee-waiver system for the poor.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICESACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CAREADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHAGGRESSIVEAMBULATORY SERVICESANTENATAL CAREBIRTH ATTENDANTSBLOCK GRANTSCAPACITY BUILDINGCAPITAL EXPENDITURECHILD DEATHCHILD HEALTHCHILD MORBIDITYCHILD MORTALITYCHILDHOOD VACCINATIONCITIZENCITIZENSCOMMUNICABLE DISEASESCOMMUNITY HEALTHCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONCONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCECONTRACEPTIVE USECOUNSELINGDELIVERY SYSTEMDIETDISABILITYDISSEMINATIONDOCTORSECONOMIC GROWTHEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYESSENTIAL COMMODITIESESSENTIAL HEALTH SERVICESEXERCISESEXPENDITURESFAMILIESFAMILY HEALTHFAMILY HEALTH SERVICESFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY PLANNINGFEE-FOR-SERVICEFERTILITYFERTILITY RATEFINANCIAL BARRIERSFINANCIAL COMMITMENTFINANCIAL PROTECTIONFIRST AIDGENERIC DRUGSGOVERNMENT CAPACITYGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS NATIONAL INCOMEHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE COVERAGEHEALTH CARE DELIVERYHEALTH CARE FINANCINGHEALTH CARE SERVICESHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH COVERAGEHEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH EXPENDITUREHEALTH EXPENDITURESHEALTH EXTENSIONHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH FINANCINGHEALTH INDICATORSHEALTH INFRASTRUCTUREHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH POLICYHEALTH POSTSHEALTH PROFESSIONALSHEALTH RESOURCESHEALTH RISKSHEALTH SECTORHEALTH SECTOR REFORMHEALTH SERVICEHEALTH SERVICE DELIVERYHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SPECIALISTHEALTH SPENDINGHEALTH SYSTEMHEALTH SYSTEMSHEALTH WORKERSHEALTH WORKFORCEHIVHIV/AIDSHOSPITALHOSPITAL BEDSHOSPITALSHUMAN RESOURCESHYGIENEILLNESSIMMUNIZATIONIMPROVEMENT OF HEALTHINCOMEINCOME GROWTHINEQUITIESINFANTINFANT MORTALITYINFANT MORTALITY RATEINFORMAL SECTORINPATIENT CAREINSURANCE SCHEMESLABOR MARKETLEPROSYLIFE EXPECTANCYLIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTHLIMITED RESOURCESLIVE BIRTHSLOCAL CAPACITYLOCAL HEALTH CENTERSLOCAL PRODUCTIONLOW-INCOME COUNTRYMALARIAMANDATESMATERNAL DEATHMATERNAL MORTALITYMATERNAL MORTALITY RATIOMEDICINESMIDWIVESMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF HEALTHMORBIDITYMORTALITYMOTHERMOTHER-TO-CHILDMOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSIONNATIONAL GOALSNATIONAL HEALTHNATIONAL HEALTH POLICYNATIONAL POLICIESNONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSNORMAL DELIVERIESNURSESNURSINGNUTRITIONOBSTETRIC CAREOUTPATIENT CAREPERSONAL HYGIENEPHARMACYPHYSICIANSPOCKET PAYMENTSPOLICY DECISIONSPOPULATION GROUPSPOSTNATAL CAREPPMPRACTITIONERSPRIMARY CAREPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY HEALTH CAREPRIMARY HEALTH FACILITIESPROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONSPROGRESSPROVIDER PAYMENTPROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICESPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH CAREPUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITUREPUBLIC SECTORPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYQUALITY OF HEALTHQUALITY OF SERVICESREDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITYREPRODUCTIVE HEALTHRESEARCH CENTERSRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESOURCE CONSTRAINTSRESOURCE NEEDSRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POPULATIONSRURAL RESIDENTSSAFETY MEASURESSANITATIONSCREENINGSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSERVICE PROVIDERSSERVICE PROVISIONSERVICE QUALITYSKILLED BIRTH ATTENDANCESMALLER HOUSEHOLDSSOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCESOCIAL SECTORSSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE HEALTH CARETECHNICAL ASSISTANCETRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTSTRAINING OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALSTREATMENT SERVICESTUBERCULOSISUNDER-FIVE MORTALITYUNFPAUNITED NATIONS POPULATION DIVISIONUNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUNDUNIVERSAL ACCESSURBAN AREASUSE OF RESOURCESUSER FEESVACCINATIONVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL TRAININGWASTEWORKERSWORKPLACEWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/22571