Gochenour, Carolyn2013-06-132013-06-132001-030-8213-4911-2https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13903This study reviews the history and development of district heating and district cooling, together referred to as district energy in North America, Western Europe, Asia, Eastern and Central Europe, and the Former Soviet Union (FSU). Experience from other parts of the world where DH systems exist could be beneficial to DH industry managers and regulators in Eastern and Central Europe and FSU countries in modernizing their management systems and improving their policies and practices to allow for the attraction of capital that is urgently needed. The report reviews, in a systematic manner, the key institutional, economic, financial, technical, and environmental issues in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and the FSU with the goal of arriving at operationally relevant issues and defining the awareness and understanding of the nature of activities which can lead to increasing energy efficiency and the attractiveness of district energy to private financing.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAIJAMBIENT AIRAMBIENT AIR QUALITYBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBOILERSCAPITAL MARKETSCARBONCARBON CREDITSCARBON DIOXIDECITIESCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMCLEANER FUELSCLIMATE CHANGECOALCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOOLINGCOOLING SYSTEMSCOST RECOVERYDEREGULATIONDISTRICT ENERGYDISTRICT HEATINGDISTRICT HEATING PROJECTSDISTRICT HEATING SECTORDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMSELECTRICITYEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECTSENERGY EFFICIENCY SAVINGSENERGY MANAGEMENTENERGY MARKETSENERGY PRICEENERGY PRICESENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SECTORENERGY SERVICEENERGY SERVICE COMPANYENERGY STRATEGYENERGY SUBSIDIESENERGY SUPPLIESENGINEERINGENGINEERING FIRMSENGINEERSENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYENVIRONMENTAL THINKINGESCOEXPENDITURESFLEXIBILITYFUELSGEFGENERATORGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTGLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITYGREENHOUSE GASESHEATHEAT PRICINGHEAT PRODUCTIONHEATINGHEATING FROM CENTRAL STATIONSHEATING OF BUILDINGSHOUSINGINCOMEINSULATIONJOINT IMPLEMENTATIONLEAKAGELOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDSMARKET ECONOMIESMARKET LIBERALIZATIONMETHANEMUNICIPAL BUDGETSNATURAL GASNUCLEAR POWER PLANTSOILPEATPOLLUTIONPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOWERPOWER PLANTSPRIMARY ENERGYREFRIGERATIONRENEWABLESSOLID FUELSSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTSTRUCTURESVENTILATIONWATER SERVICESWATER SUPPLYWorld Bank10.1596/0-8213-4911-2