World Bank2014-04-022014-04-022013-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17603The energy sector rapid assessment was conducted by the World Bank for the Government of Romania, as part of an advisory services program on climate change and low carbon green growth. The objective of this assessment is to identify climate change related investment priorities and necessary implementation support for the 2014-2020 operational programs, with a view to achieving the European Union (EU) 2020 targets and laying a foundation for continued de-carbonization of the energy sector. This rapid assessment focuses on climate change mitigation actions in power and heat generation and in energy use in manufacturing, residential, public, and commercial sectors. Energy use and efficiency in the transport sector is studied in a separate transport sector rapid assessment. It includes in-depth investigation of the main energy end-use sectors or subsectors, low-carbon energy supply optimization based on long-term energy demand patterns and trends, and the design and approaches of key energy efficiency intervention programs, such as thermal retrofit of residential and public buildings and economization and modernization of district heating systems.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO FINANCINGAIRALLOCATIONALTERNATIVE SCENARIOSAPPROACHBIOGASBIOMASSCALCULATIONCAPACITY FACTORCAPITAL COSTSCARBONCARBON CAPTURECARBON DIOXIDECARBON ENERGYCARBON FOOTPRINTCARBON INTENSITYCARBON MARKETCARBON PRICESCARBON SOURCESCARBONIZATIONCHEMICAL INDUSTRYCHEMICALSCLEAN ENERGYCLEANER ENERGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE CHANGE POLICYCLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGYCLIMATE POLICYCOCO2COALCOAL PRODUCTIONCOAL UNITSCOGENERATIONCOMBUSTIONCONDITIONERSCONSUMPTION PATTERNSCOST ESTIMATESCOST OF ELECTRICITYCOST OF ENERGYCOSTS OF ELECTRICITYCYCLE POWER PLANTSDEMAND FOR ELECTRICITYDEMAND FORECASTDISTRIBUTION LOSSESDISTRIBUTION NETWORKDISTRICT HEATDISTRICT HEATINGDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMSDOMESTIC GASDOMESTIC OILECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC COSTSECONOMIC GROWTHEFFICIENCY GAINSELECTRIC POWERELECTRIC POWER SECTORELECTRICITYELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONELECTRICITY DEMANDELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY GENERATION MIXELECTRICITY PRICESELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONELECTRICITY SECTORELECTRICITY SUPPLYELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGYEMISSIONEMISSION ALLOWANCESEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION TRADINGEMISSION TRENDSEMISSIONS FROM ENERGYEMISSIONS REDUCTIONEND-USE ENERGY EFFICIENCYEND-USER PRICEENERGY CONSULTANTENERGY CONSUMERSENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURESENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMSENERGY INFRASTRUCTUREENERGY INTENSITYENERGY MANAGEMENTENERGY MARKETENERGY MARKETSENERGY POLICIESENERGY POLICYENERGY PRICEENERGY PRICESENERGY PRICINGENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SECURITYENERGY SHORTAGEENERGY SOURCESENERGY STRATEGYENERGY SUPPLYENERGY USEENERGY-INTENSIVE MANUFACTURINGEXCHANGE RATEFEASIBILITYFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITYFLUORESCENT LAMPFORESTRYFOSSILFOSSIL FUELFREE MARKETFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL DEMANDFUEL PRICESFUEL TYPEFUEL USEFUELSGAS DESULFURIZATIONGAS RESOURCESGAS SUPPLYGAS TURBINEGASESGENERATION OF HEATGHGGLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITYGREEN ENERGYGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROWTH IN ELECTRICITY DEMANDHEATHEAT ENERGYHEAT GENERATIONHEAT PRODUCTIONHEAT SUPPLYHEAT TARIFFHEAT TARIFFSHEATING DEGREE DAYSHEATING ENERGYHOT WATERHOUSEHOLD ENERGYHYDROPOWERIMPORTSINCOMEINCOME HOUSEHOLDSINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINTEREST RATEIRONKILOWATT-HOURLAND USELAND USE CHANGELONG-TERM FINANCINGLOW-CARBONLOWER PRICESMARKET BARRIERSMONETARY INCENTIVESNATURAL GASNATURAL GAS CONSUMPTIONNATURAL GAS PRICESNUCLEAR CAPACITYNUCLEAR GENERATIONNUCLEAR PLANTNUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWER GENERATIONNUCLEAR REACTORSNUCLEAR UNITSOILOIL EQUIVALENTPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPHOTOVOLTAICSPOWER DEMANDPOWER DISTRIBUTIONPOWER ENGINEERINGPOWER GENERATIONPOWER GENERATION CAPACITYPOWER PLANTSPOWER SECTORPOWER SYSTEMPRESENT VALUEPRICE INCREASEPRIMARY ENERGYPRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTIONREBATESREHABILITATION OF THERMALRENEWABLE ENERGIESRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCERENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIESRESIDENTIAL BUILDINGSRESIDENTIAL CONSUMERSRESIDENTIAL ENERGYRESIDENTIAL SECTORSRETROFITTINGSINKSMALL HYDROPOWERSODIUMSOLAR POWERSOLAR POWER PLANTSSPACE HEATINGSUBSTITUTIONSUPPLY CURVESUSTAINABLE ENERGYTAX INCENTIVESTHERMAL PERFORMANCETHERMAL PLANTSTOTAL COSTSTOTAL ELECTRICITY GENERATIONTRANSMISSION GRIDTRANSMISSION SYSTEMTRANSPORT SECTORTUBE DIAMETERUTILITIESWASTEWATER TREATMENTWATER QUALITYWINDWIND FARMWIND FARMSWIND GENERATIONWIND POWER10.1596/17603