Kurzweil, MarianneAnderson, KymSandri, DamianoMartin, WillValenzuela, Ernesto2017-09-112017-09-112008-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/28271This paper outlines the methodological issues associated with the task of measuring that actual delivered direct protection or taxation to individual agricultural industries, as well as the direct protection or anti-protection to non-agricultural sectors. It begins with a guide to what elements in principle could be measured. There are two key purposes of the distortion estimates being generated by this project are: 1) to provide a long annual time series of indicators showing the extent to which price incentives faced by farmers and food consumers have been distorted directly and indirectly by own-government policies in all major developing, transition and high-income countries, and hence for the world as a whole; and 2) to attribute the price distortion estimates for each farm product to specific border or domestic policy measures, so they can serve as inputs into various types of partial and general equilibrium economic models for estimating the effects of those various policies on such things as national and international agricultural markets, farm value added, income inequality, poverty, and national, regional and global welfare.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADVERSE IMPACTAGRICULTURAL OUTPUTAGRICULTURAL PRICEAGRICULTUREARBITRAGEAUTARCHYBANKING SYSTEMBENCHMARKBENCHMARKSBILATERAL TRADEBLACK MARKETBLACK MARKET PREMIUMBORDER PRICEBUSINESS REGULATIONSCAPITAL FLOWSCAPITAL INFLOWSCENTRAL BANKCOMMERCIAL BANKINGCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOMMODITIESCOMMODITYCOMMODITY PRICESCONSUMER PRICECONSUMER PRICESCONSUMER SURPLUSCONSUMERSCOUNTRY OF ORIGINCURRENCYCURRENT ACCOUNTCUSTOMS UNIONSDEBTDEMAND CURVESDEVALUATIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDIRECT PAYMENTSDOLLAR VALUEDOLLAR VALUESDOMESTIC CURRENCYDOMESTIC CURRENCY PRICEDOMESTIC DEMANDDOMESTIC MARKETDOMESTIC MARKETSDOMESTIC PRICEDOMESTIC PRICE LEVELDOMESTIC PRICESECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC MODELECONOMIC MODELSECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONOMIC RESEARCHELASTICITYEQUILIBRIUMEXCESS DEMANDEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATE MISALIGNMENTEXCHANGE RATE OVERVALUATIONEXCHANGE RATE POLICYEXCHANGE RATE REGIMEEXCHANGE RATE SYSTEMEXCHANGE RATESEXOGENOUS VARIABLESEXPENDITUREEXPORT SECTOREXPORT SUBSIDYEXPORTERSEXPORTSEXTERNALITIESFINANCIAL MARKETFINANCIAL MARKETSFOOD PRICEFOOD PRODUCTIONFOREIGN CURRENCYFOREIGN DEBTFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN EXCHANGE RATEFOREIGN INVESTMENTFOREIGN TRADEFREE MARKETFREE TRADEGDPGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSISGENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCESGLOBAL ECONOMYGLOBALIZATIONGOVERNMENT ACTIONSGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONSGOVERNMENT REGULATIONGROSS VALUEHIGH-INCOME COUNTRIESIMPERFECT COMPETITIONIMPORTIMPORT BARRIERSIMPORT DEMANDIMPORT PRICEIMPORT PROTECTIONIMPORT TARIFFIMPORT TARIFFSIMPORTSINCOMEINCOMESINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL MARKETINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL PRICEINTERNATIONAL PRICESINTERNATIONAL TRADELABOR MARKETSLIBERALIZATIONLOCAL CURRENCYLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESLOW-INCOME COUNTRYMACROECONOMIC POLICYMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIESMARGINAL COSTSMARKET ACCESSMARKET CONDITIONSMARKET EXCHANGE RATEMARKET EXCHANGE RATESMARKET FAILURESMARKET INTEGRATIONMARKET POWERMARKET PRICEMARKET RATEMARKET REFORMMARKET STRUCTUREMARKETING BOARDSMERCHANDISEMERCHANDISE TRADEMONEY SUPPLYMONOPOLYMULTIPLE EXCHANGE RATEMULTIPLE EXCHANGE RATESNATIONAL ECONOMYNATURAL RESOURCEOPEN ECONOMYOUTPUTSOVERVALUATIONPARTICULAR COUNTRYPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPREFERENTIAL ACCESSPRICE BANDSPRICE CHANGESPRICE COMPARISONPRICE COMPARISONSPRICE CONTROLSPRICE DISTORTIONPRICE DISTORTIONSPRICE ELASTICITIESPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLYPRICE INCENTIVESPRICE LEVELPRICE SERIESPRICE SUPPORTPRICE VOLATILITYPRICING POLICYPRODUCER PRICEPRODUCT DIFFERENTIATIONPURCHASE PRICEREAL APPRECIATIONREAL DEVALUATIONREAL EXCHANGE RATEREAL EXCHANGE RATE APPRECIATIONREAL EXCHANGE RATE CHANGESREAL EXCHANGE RATESRELATIVE PRICERELATIVE PRICESREMITTANCESRETAILRETAIL MARKETINGRETAIL PRICERURAL INFRASTRUCTURESALESALESSECONDARY MARKETSERVICES MARKETSSMALL ECONOMIESSMALL ECONOMYSOCIAL COSTSPREADSTANDARD DEVIATIONSTANDARD DEVIATIONSSUBSTITUTESUBSTITUTIONSUPPLY CURVESSUPPLY INCREASESTARIFF BARRIERSTAXTAX RATETAXATIONTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCESTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGESTHIRD WORLDTRADE BARRIERSTRADE FACILITATIONTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE RESTRICTIVENESSTRADE TAXTRADE TAXESTRADESTRANSITION ECONOMIESUNDERVALUATIONURUGUAY ROUNDVALUE ADDEDVALUE OF OUTPUTWEALTHWEIGHTSWELFARE ECONOMICSWHOLESALE PRICESWHOLESALERWHOLESALERSWHOLESALINGWORLD ECONOMYWORLD TRADEWTOWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/28271