World Bank2014-04-152014-04-152014-04-02https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17785A 2013 scientific assessment of black carbon emissions and impacts found that black carbon is second to carbon dioxide in terms of its climate forcing. High concentrations of black carbon in the atmosphere can change precipitation patterns and reduce the amount of radiation that reaches the Earth's surface, which affects local agriculture. Acute and chronic exposures to particulate matter are associated with a range of diseases, including chronic bronchitis and asthma, as well as premature deaths from cardiopulmonary disease, lung cancer, and acute lower respiratory infections. The transportation sector accounted for approximately 19 percent of global black carbon emissions in the year 2000. This report aims to inform efforts to control black carbon emissions from diesel-based transportation in developing countries. It presents a summary of emissions control approaches from developed countries, while recognizing that developing countries face a number of on-the-ground implementation challenges. This study applies a new cost-benefit analysis methodology to four simulated diesel black carbon emissions control projects - diesel retrofit in Istanbul, green freight (plus retrofit) in Sao Paulo, fuel and vehicle standards in Jakarta, and compressed natural gas (CNG) buses in Cebu taking into account the additional climate benefits of black carbon reductions. While this report focuses on quantifying just the health and climate benefits of transport interventions, it also serves to highlight the challenges that can be faced when undertaking more comprehensive evaluation of transport projects. A cost-benefit framework for economic analysis of diesel black carbon emissions control transport projects is also presented that factors in both climate and health benefits. Historically, technical interventions to control diesel black carbon emissions in developed countries have successfully relied on fuel quality improvements and vehicle emissions standards.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADVANCED ENGINEAEROSOL PRECURSORSAEROSOLSAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYAIR QUALITY STANDARDSAIR-FUEL MIXTURESAMBIENT POLLUTIONAMMONIAASHATMOSPHEREBASELINE EMISSIONSBIOMASSBLACK CARBONBLACK CARBON EMISSIONSBUSBUS FLEETBUS PURCHASEBUS REPLACEMENTBUSESCARBCARBON BUSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON EMISSIONSCARBON FRACTIONCARBON MASSCARBON MONOXIDECARBON REDUCTIONSCARBON-DIOXIDE-EQUIVALENTCARCINOGENSCATALYSTSCATALYTIC CONVERTERCHRONIC BRONCHITISCLASSES OF VEHICLESCLEAN AIRCLEAN FUELCLEAN FUELSCLEAN TRANSPORTATIONCLEANER FUELSCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLOUDSCOCO2COLORSCOMBUSTIONCOMBUSTION CHAMBERCOMBUSTION SOURCESCOMMERCIAL VEHICLESCOMPRESSED NATURAL GASCONCENTRATIONSCONGESTIONCONGESTION CHARGINGCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSISCRYOSPHEREDESULFURIZATIONDIESELDIESEL BUSDIESEL BUSESDIESEL COMBUSTIONDIESEL EMISSIONSDIESEL ENGINESDIESEL FUELDIESEL PARTICULATEDIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONSDIESEL VEHICLESDRIVERSDRIVINGEFFECTIVE EMISSIONSEMISSIONEMISSION FACTOREMISSION LEVELSEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION STANDARDEMISSION STANDARDSEMISSIONS CONTROLEMISSIONS CONTROLSEMISSIONS CUTSEMISSIONS ESTIMATESEMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATIONEMISSIONS LEVELSEMISSIONS LIMITSEMISSIONS PERFORMANCEEMISSIONS POLICYEMISSIONS REDUCTIONEMISSIONS REDUCTION STRATEGYEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSEMISSIONS STANDARDSEMISSIVITYENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYEXHAUST CONCENTRATIONSEXHAUST EMISSIONSEXHAUST GASESFLEET EMISSIONSFLEETSFOOT TRAFFICFOSSIL FUELFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFREIGHTFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL COSTSFUEL ECONOMYFUEL EFFICIENCYFUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTFUEL EFFICIENCY STANDARDSFUEL INJECTIONFUEL PRICEFUEL QUALITYFUEL SULFURFUEL SUPPLYFUEL SWITCHINGFUEL TAXFUEL TAXATIONFUEL TYPEGASESGASOLINEGASOLINE DIESELGASOLINE VEHICLESGLACIERSGLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALGWPHCHEAVY VEHICLEHEAVY VEHICLESHEAVY-DUTY VEHICLESHIGHWAYHIGHWAYSHYDROCARBONSIMPROVEMENTS IN VEHICLE EFFICIENCYINJECTION SYSTEMINSPECTIONIPCCLIGHT-DUTY VEHICLESLIQUEFIED NATURAL GASLIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASLNGMASS EMISSIONSMETALSMETHANEMODE SHIFTMOTOR FUELMOTOR VEHICLEMOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONSMOTOR VEHICLESMUNICIPAL VEHICLESNATURAL GASNATURAL GAS BUSNITRATESNITROGENNITROGEN DIOXIDENITROGEN OXIDENITROUS OXIDENO2NOXORGANIC MATERIALOXIDATION CATALYSTOXYGENOXYGEN CONTENTOZONEOZONE PRODUCTIONPARTICLESPARTICULATEPARTICULATE MATTERPASSENGER VEHICLESPETROLEUM GASPM10POLLUTANT EMISSIONSPOLLUTION CONTROLPOPULATION DENSITYPRECIPITATIONPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONRADIATIONRADIATIVE FORCINGRAPID TRANSITREDUCTIONS IN FUEL CONSUMPTIONREFINERYRENEWABLE ENERGYRESPIRATORY SYMPTOMSRETROFITTINGROADROAD IMPROVEMENTSROAD VEHICLESROADSROUTESSAFETYSMOKESO2SOCIAL COST OF CARBONSOLAR RADIATIONSULFATESULFATE PARTICULATESSULFATESSULFURSULFUR EMISSIONSSURFACE ALBEDOSURFACE TRANSPORTATIONTAILPIPE EMISSIONTAILPIPE EMISSIONSTAXTEMPERATURETOTAL EMISSIONSTRAFFICTRAFFIC EMISSIONSTRAFFIC FLOWTRAINSTRANSPORTTRANSPORT PROJECTSTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORTATION ACTIVITYTRANSPORTATION DEMANDTRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENTTRANSPORTATION PLANNINGTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSTRAVEL DEMANDTRUCKSUNEPURBAN AREASURBAN BUSURBAN BUSESVEHICLEVEHICLE CLASSESVEHICLE COSTSVEHICLE EMISSIONVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE ENGINEVEHICLE EXCISE DUTYVEHICLE EXHAUSTVEHICLE KILOMETERSVEHICLE MANUFACTURINGVEHICLE OPERATIONVEHICLE OWNERSVEHICLE POPULATIONVEHICLE TYPESVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS10.1596/17785