Barbier, Edward B.2013-01-032013-01-032012-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12083Much of the rural poor -- who are growing in number -- are concentrated in ecologically fragile and remote areas. The key ecological scarcity problem facing such poor households is a vicious cycle of declining livelihoods, increased ecological degradation and loss of resource commons, and declining ecosystem services on which the poor depend. In addition, developing economies with high concentrations of their populations on fragile lands and in remote areas not only display high rates of rural poverty, but also are some of the poorest countries in the world today. Policies to eradicate poverty therefore need to be targeted at the poor where they live, especially the rural poor clustered in fragile environments and remote areas. The specific elements of such a strategy include involving the poor in payment for ecosystem services schemes and other measures that enhance the environments on which the poor depend; targeting investments directly to improving the livelihoods of the rural poor, thus reducing their dependence on exploiting environmental resources; tackling the lack of access of the rural poor in less favored areas to well-functioning and affordable markets for credit, insurance, and land; and reducing the high transportation and transaction costs that prohibit the poorest households in remote areas from engaging in off-farm employment and limit smallholder participation in national and global markets.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE POVERTYACCESS TO MARKETSACCESS TO SERVICESAFFORDABLE CREDITAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURAL EXTENSIONAGRICULTURAL INCOMESAGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATIONAGRICULTURAL LABORERSAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL PRACTICESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITYAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL RESEARCHAGRICULTURAL SYSTEMSAGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIESAGRICULTURAL WAGEASSET POVERTYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONCARBONCASH CROPSCASH INCOMECATCHMENT AREACHRONIC POVERTYCOMMON PROPERTYCOMMUNITY CONTROLCONSUMPTION EXPENDITURESCREDIT MARKETSCROP INCOMECROP PRODUCTIONCROPLANDDEFORESTATIONDETERMINANTS OF POVERTYDEVELOPING REGIONSDIMENSIONS OF POVERTYDISADVANTAGED AREASDIVERSIFICATIONDROUGHTDRYLANDSECOLOGICAL ECONOMICSECOLOGYECONOMETRICSECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMICSEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATIONENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTSEQUILIBRIUMEXPANSION OF IRRIGATIONEXPLOITATIONEXPORT MARKETSFARM EMPLOYMENTFARM EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESFARM INCOMESFARM LABORFARM SIZEFARM WORKFARMERSFARMING ACTIVITIESFARMING SYSTEMSFIREWOODFISHERIESFISHINGFODDERFOOD INSECURITYFOOD POLICYFOOD PREPARATIONFOOD PRODUCTIONFOOD SECURITYFOREST REGIONSFORESTED REGIONSFORESTRYFRONTIER REGIONSGLOBAL MARKETSGLOBAL POVERTYHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHUMAN CAPITALINCIDENCE OF POVERTYINCOME GENERATIONINCOME GROWTHINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME SHOCKSINSURANCEINTENSIVE AGRICULTUREIRRIGATIONLABOR MARKETSLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLAND DEGRADATIONLAND ECONOMICSLAND HOLDINGSLAND MANAGEMENTLAND USELAND USE PATTERNSLANDHOLDING SIZELANDHOLDINGSLANDLESS HOUSEHOLDSLIVELIHOOD STRATEGIESMARGINAL COSTMOUNTAINOUS AREASMOUNTAINOUS REGIONSNATIONAL INCOMENATURAL ASSETSNATURAL CAPITALNATURAL DISASTERNATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL RESOURCE SCARCITYNATURAL RESOURCESNONFARM INCOMENUTRITIONNUTRITIONAL STATUSOPEN ACCESS RESOURCESOPPORTUNITY COSTSPOOR AREASPOOR COMMUNITIESPOOR COUNTRIESPOOR ECONOMIESPOOR FARMERSPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR LIVINGPOOR MARKET ACCESSPOOR PEOPLEPOOR POPULATIONSPOOR RURAL AREASPOOR RURAL COMMUNITIESPOOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDPOOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDSPOOR SMALLHOLDERSPOORER HOUSEHOLDSPOPULATION GROWTHPOTABLE WATERPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY DYNAMICSPOVERTY ERADICATIONPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY MAPPINGPOVERTY MAPPING EXERCISEPOVERTY MAPSPOVERTY MEASURESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY STATUSPRICE CHANGESPRODUCERSPROPERTY RESOURCE MANAGEMENTPROPERTY RIGHTSREAL WAGESREDUCTION OF POVERTYREGIONAL INCOMEREGIONAL POVERTYREGIONAL SCIENCEREMOTE AREASREMOTE LOCATIONSREMOTE REGIONREMOTE REGIONSREMOTE RURAL AREASRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESOURCE USERURALRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL CREDITRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTRURAL EMPLOYMENTRURAL HOUSEHOLDRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL INCOMERURAL LIVELIHOODSRURAL MARKETRURAL MIGRATIONRURAL POORRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POPULATIONSRURAL POVERTYRURAL POVERTY RATERURAL POVERTY RATESRURAL PRODUCERSRURAL PROVINCESRURAL ROADRURAL ROADSRURAL WORKERSSAFETY NETSAVINGSSEMI-ARID REGIONSSMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURESOIL EROSIONSPATIAL APPROACHSPATIAL DIMENSIONSSPATIAL INEQUALITYSPATIAL PATTERNSPATIAL PATTERNSSTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONSUBSISTENCESUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTARGETINGTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNOLOGICAL CHANGETIMBERTRADEOFFSTRANSACTION COSTSVEGETABLE PRODUCTIONWAGE RATESWAGESWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6232