World Bank2017-06-272017-06-272011-02https://hdl.handle.net/10986/27355The Costing Adaptation through Local Institutions (CALI) study aims to highlight how adaptation by households to climate change and climate variability is shaped by institutions, and how governments, through local institutions, can support adaptation that addresses the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable households. The main objective of the study is to provide recommendations regarding adaptation options for households in rural regions and facilitate the necessary institutional support. The methodology of the study draws on past adaptation experiences, particularly for vulnerable groups in different fragile ecological contexts. It uses participatory approaches to assess the costs of different adaptation strategies used by such groups. In this synthesis report, the analytical results from the three country case studies are presented and compared. Among the adopted strategies in the three cases, some were similar, while others were country-specific. The report describes some of the institutional, socioeconomic, and political differences that contributed to the individual or communal adaptation strategies among the countries. These country comparisons make it possible to present a number of policy recommendations that provide a better insight on how future interventions might be more effectively targeted. The results of this study confirm the view that it is important to place greater emphasis on integrated approaches to development. A focus on only a single issue will most likely not have the envisaged results and will in the end lead to higher costs. Several constraints ranging from constraints on a household, village, regional, or national level prevent households from successfully improving their livelihoods and preparing adequately for changing climate variability.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADAPTATION COSTADAPTATION INTERVENTIONSADAPTATION OPTIONADAPTATION POLICIESADAPTATION PROCESSADAPTATION PROJECTADAPTATION STRATEGIESADAPTATION TO CLIMATEADAPTATION TO CLIMATE VARIABILITYADAPTINGADAPTIVE CAPACITYADVERSE CLIMATEAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSAGRICULTUREALTITUDEARID CLIMATEAVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALLCACEREALSCLIMATECLIMATE ADAPTATIONCLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATIONCLIMATE CONDITIONSCLIMATE EXPOSURECLIMATE HAZARDCLIMATE MITIGATIONCLIMATE MITIGATION POLICIESCLIMATE PATTERNSCLIMATE REGIMECLIMATE RESILIENCECLIMATE VARIABILITYCLIMATE-PROOFCLIMATE-RELATED HAZARDCLIMATIC CONDITIONSCOLORSCOMMUNITIESCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTCOPE WITH CLIMATE VARIABILITYCOPING CAPACITYCOSTS OF ADAPTATIONDATESDEFORESTATIONDESCRIPTIONDESERTIFICATIONDISASTER PREVENTIONDNADROUGHT RISKECONOMIC EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEECONOMICS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGEEFFECTIVE ADAPTATIONELECTRICITYEXPOSURE TO CLIMATE VARIABILITYEXTREME CLIMATE EVENTSEXTREME DROUGHTEXTREME RAINFALLEXTREME TEMPERATUREFEEDSFEMALEFERTILIZERSFINANCIAL CAPACITYFLOODFLOOD HAZARDSFLOOD RISKFLOODINGFOOD POLICYFOOD POLICY RESEARCHFOOD PRICESFOOD STORAGEFORESTSFRUITFUTURE ADAPTATIONGENDERGLOBAL CLIMATEGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGRAINSHAZARDHEATHEAT WAVESHIGH TEMPERATURESHOUSEHOLD COMPOSITIONHOUSEHOLDSIFPRIIMPLEMENT ADAPTATIONIMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATIONIMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION STRATEGIESIMPLEMENTING ADAPTATION STRATEGIESINTEGRATED DEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEINTERVENTIONIPCCLEGUMESLOCAL ADAPTATIONLOGISTICAL SUPPORTLOW ADAPTIVE CAPACITYLOW RAINFALLLOWER RAINFALLMAXIMUM TEMPERATURENATIONAL ADAPTATIONOCCUPATIONPESTICIDESPOTENTIAL EVAPORATIONPRECIPITATIONRAINFALLRAINFALL FLUCTUATIONSRAINFALL LEVELSRAINFALL PATTERNSRAINFALL REGIMERAINFALL VARIABILITYRAINY SEASONRICERURAL AREASRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL ECONOMYRURAL ENVIRONMENTSAFETYSOCIAL STRUCTURESSOCIOECONOMIC FACTORSSTORMSSUBTROPICAL CLIMATETEMPERATE CLIMATETEMPERATURETEMPERATURE CHANGESTEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONSTEMPERATURE LEVELSTROPICSUNEPURBAN AREASVARIABILITY IN RAINFALLVEGETABLESVILLAGESVULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE VARIABILITYWFPWORLD FOOD PROGRAMWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/27355