Kumar, AjayAgarwal, O. P.2014-04-072014-04-072013https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17630Severe congestion, poor air quality, increases in road accidents, and explosive growth in energy consumption are manifestations of rapid motorization in cities around the globe, especially in the developing world. The tendency in most developing cities has been to deal with these problems in a piecemeal fashion, largely through supply side interventions, such as widening roads, constructing flyovers, or building high-cost mass transit systems. It is becoming increasingly recognized that effective solutions lie in comprehensive and holistic approaches that integrate what would normally be patchwork efforts and, in addition, combine supply side efforts with demand side measures. In general, this means that multiple, well-integrated actions need to be taken. Integrated and comprehensive thinking and implementation is required across multiple subsystems and disciplines, such as land use planning, environmental quality, energy efficiency, and services for the poor and physically disadvantaged. The ability to undertake comprehensive planning and execution that is integrated functionally, spatially, sectorally, and hierarchically is too often constrained because of the highly fragmented governance of urban transport in most cities. The functions that need to be performed can be classified as strategic, tactical, and operational. Strategic functions include policy formulation and long-range planning; tactical functions involve regulation and detailed planning; and operational functions concern the construction of facilities and ensuring the availability of services. National governments can play a pivotal role through their ability to provide financing to lead agencies at lower levels of government and take advantage of economies of scale by coordinating and undertaking activities of interest to multiple cities, such as capacity building and research.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYARTERIAL ROADSBUSBUS DEPOTSBUS LANESBUS NETWORKBUS OPERATORSBUS ROUTEBUS ROUTESBUS SECTORBUS SERVICEBUS SERVICESBUS SHELTERSBUS STATIONSBUS STOPBUS STOPSBUS SYSTEMBUS SYSTEMSBUS TRANSPORTBUSESCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCITY BUSESCITY TRANSITCITY TRANSIT AUTHORITYCITY TRANSPORTCLIMATE CHANGECONGESTIONCOORDINATION OF TRANSPORTDEMAND FOR TRANSPORTDISABILITIESDRAINAGEDRIVER LICENSINGDRIVERSDRIVINGECONOMIES OF SCALEENERGY CONSUMPTIONENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC RULESFARE COLLECTIONFARE POLICYFARE STRUCTUREFARESFARES POLICYFOSSIL FUELSFUELGASOLINEGASOLINE TAXGOVERNMENT AGENCIESGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSHEAVY RAILHIGHWAYHIGHWAY ACTHIGHWAY ADMINISTRATIONHIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTUREHIGHWAY TRUST FUNDHOURS OF OPERATIONHOUSING DEVELOPMENTILLEGAL PARKINGINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE PLANNINGINFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTSINJURYINTERCITY TRAVELINTERSECTIONSINTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEMLAND TRANSPORTLAND TRANSPORT AUTHORITYLAND USELIGHT RAILLIGHT RAIL SYSTEMLIGHT RAIL TRANSITLIMITED ACCESS HIGHWAYSLOCAL TRAVELMASS RAPID TRANSITMASS TRANSITMEANS OF TRANSPORTMETRO RAILMETRO SYSTEMSMETROPOLITAN TRANSPORTMETROPOLITAN TRANSPORT AUTHORITYMETROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATIONMETROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITYMINI-BUSMINISTRY OF TRANSPORTMODES OF TRANSPORTMOTOR VEHICLEMUNICIPAL RAILWAYNATIONAL HIGHWAYSNATIONAL RAILWAYPASSENGER TRANSPORTPEAK HOURSPEAK PERIODSPEDESTRIANPEDESTRIAN WALKWAYSPRIVATE TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT AUTHORITIESPUBLIC TRANSPORT AUTHORITYPUBLIC TRANSPORT COVERAGEPUBLIC TRANSPORT FARESPUBLIC TRANSPORT MARKETPUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORKPUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORKSPUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATIONSPUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATORSPUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICEPUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICESPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMSPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONPUBLIC WORKSRAIL FARESRAIL LINESRAIL SERVICESRAILWAYSRAPID TRANSITRAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMSRIDERSHIPROADROAD ACCIDENTSROAD INFRASTRUCTUREROAD NETWORKROAD SPACEROAD TAXESROAD TRAFFICROADSROADWAYROADWAY CAPACITYROLLING STOCKROUTEROUTESSAFETYSAFETY LEGISLATIONSANITATIONSCHOOL TRANSPORTSIDEWALKSSPEED LIMITSSPEEDSSTREET PARKINGSTREETLIGHTSSUBURBSSURFACE TRANSPORTSUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTSUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEMTAXI FARESTAXI SERVICESTAXISTRAFFICTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC ENFORCEMENTTRAFFIC ENGINEERINGTRAFFIC LAWSTRAFFIC LIGHTSTRAFFIC MANAGEMENTTRAFFIC POLICETRAFFIC SAFETYTRAINSTRAMTRAM SYSTEMSTRANSFER FACILITIESTRANSIT AUTHORITYTRANSIT SYSTEMSTRANSPORT ACTIVITIESTRANSPORT AGENCIESTRANSPORT DEMANDTRANSPORT ECONOMICSTRANSPORT FACILITIESTRANSPORT IMPROVEMENTTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT MANAGEMENTTRANSPORT MODETRANSPORT MODESTRANSPORT PLANNINGTRANSPORT POLICIESTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT PROBLEMSTRANSPORT REGULATIONTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SERVICESTRANSPORT SYSTEMTRANSPORT SYSTEMSTRANSPORT TAXTRANSPORT USER FEESTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION AUTHORITYTRANSPORTATION PLANNINGTRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESSTRANSPORTATION POLICIESTRANSPORTATION SERVICESTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSTRANSPORTSTRAVELERSTRIPTRIPSTUNNELSUNDERGROUNDURBAN BUSURBAN MOBILITYURBAN PASSENGERURBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORTURBAN PLANNERSURBAN RAILURBAN RAIL SYSTEMSURBAN TRANSPORTURBAN TRANSPORT PLANNINGURBAN TRANSPORT SERVICESURBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMURBAN TRANSPORTATIONURBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNINGURBANISMURBANIZATIONVEHICLEVEHICLE REGISTRATIONVEHICLESWALKING10.1596/17630