Takayama, NoriyukiHolzmann, RobertRobalino, David A.2012-03-192012-03-192009978-0-8213-7971-4https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2651The book has four specific objectives: (a) to discuss the role of retirement income transfers in the context of a strategy for expanding old- age income security and preventing poverty among the elderly; (b) to take stock of international experience with the design and implementation of these programs; (c) to identify key policy issues that need to receive attention during the design and implementation phases; and (d) to offer some preliminary policy recommendations and propose next steps. The chapter one discusses the rationale for retirement income transfers. The main justifications are the limited coverage of the mandatory pension systems (chapter two) and the risk of poverty during old age (chapter three). Chapter four then examines the rights, based approach to expansion of social security coverage based on the conventions and recommendations of the International Labor Organization (ILO). The middle part of the book deals with international experience. Chapters five, six, and seven reviews selected programs in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries, respectively, and chapters eight and nine discuss in greater depth the cases of Japan and the Republic of Korea. The five concluding chapters are concerned with policy issues as related to design. Chapter ten presents a typology of retirement income transfers and analyzes the potential economic impacts of the programs. Chapter eleven deals with financing mechanisms and the problem of allocative efficiency, given limited resources. Chapter twelve addresses two key issues related to institutional arrangements and targeting systems: Should countries consider separate programs to target the elderly poor instead of using the general social assistance system to target all poor? And, how can current proxy means-test systems be adapted to target the elderly poor? Chapter thirteen explores in more detail the links between social pensions and matching contributions in the context of a general strategy for expanding coverage. Finally, chapter fourteen provides guidelines for the design of the administrative systems needed to operationalize the various programs. The remainder of this overview summarizes the main messages from the subsequent chapters and outlines an agenda for future research and policy analysis. For clarity, it starts by presenting some definitions pertinent to the retirement income transfers discussed in the book.CC BY 3.0 IGOADMINISTRATIVE CHARGESADMINISTRATIVE COSTSADMINISTRATIVE DATAADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORTASSET HOLDINGSAVERAGE BENEFITAVERAGE EARNINGSBABIESBASIC PENSIONBASIC PENSIONSBENEFICIARIESBENEFIT FORMULASBEST PRACTICESBUDGETINGCALCULATIONSCASH TRANSFERCASH TRANSFERSCHILD CARECHRONIC POVERTYCITIZENCITIZENSCLIMATE CHANGECOMMODITYCOMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONSCONTINGENCIESCONTRIBUTIONCONTRIBUTION RATESCONTRIBUTIONSCOST ESTIMATESCREDITSCURRENT PROGRAMSDEFINED CONTRIBUTIONSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT BANKDISABILITYDISCOUNT RATESDISSEMINATIONEARLY RETIREMENTECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC COSTSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC POLICIESELDERLYELDERLY PERSONSELDERLY POPULATIONFAMILY ALLOWANCESFAMILY POLICIESFAMILY STRUCTURESFAMILY SUPPORTFERTILITY RATESFINANCIAL ASPECTSFINANCIAL PLANNERFINANCIAL POLICYFINANCIAL SUPPORTFIXED COSTGENERAL POPULATIONGLOBAL POPULATIONGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEALTH ECONOMICSHEALTH INSURANCEHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RIGHTHUMAN RIGHTSIMPACTS OF POPULATIONIMPORTANT POLICYINCOME GROUPINCOME LEVELINCOME LEVELSINCOME SECURITYINDIGENOUS PEOPLEINFORMATION SYSTEMSINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYINTEREST RATEINVESTMENT DECISIONINVESTMENTS IN EDUCATIONKNOWLEDGE GAPLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET TRANSITIONSLABOR MARKETSLABOR SUPPLYLEGAL STATUSLIFE EXPECTANCYLIMITED RESOURCESLIVING STANDARDSLONG-TERM SAVINGLONG-TERM SAVINGSLOW FERTILITYLOW INCOMELOW-INCOMELOW-INCOME COUNTRIESLOW-INCOME INDIVIDUALSLOW-INCOME WORKERSMANDATESMANDATORY CONTRIBUTIONMARGINAL TAX RATESMARKET ECONOMIESMATERNITY LEAVEMIGRATIONMINIMUM PENSIONMINIMUM PENSIONSMINIMUM WAGEMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMINORITYNATIONAL COMMITTEENATIONAL PENSIONNATIONAL PLANNATIONAL POPULATIONNATURAL RESOURCESNORMAL RETIREMENT AGENUTRITIONOLD AGEOLD-AGEOLD-AGE PENSIONOLDER MENOLDER PEOPLEOLDER WOMENORPHANSPENSIONPENSION ACCOUNTPENSION AGEPENSION ARRANGEMENTSPENSION BENEFITSPENSION COVERAGEPENSION INCOMEPENSION ISSUESPENSION PLANPENSION PROGRAMSPENSION PROVISIONSPENSION REFORMPENSION REFORM PRIMERPENSION REFORMSPENSION REGULATIONPENSION RIGHTSPENSION SCHEMEPENSION SCHEMESPENSION SYSTEMPENSION SYSTEMSPENSION TRANSFERSPENSION WEALTHPENSIONSPERIODS OF UNEMPLOYMENTPOLICY ANALYSISPOLICY DEVELOPMENTPOLICY FRAMEWORKPOLICY GUIDANCEPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOOR FAMILIESPOOR INDIVIDUALSPOPULATION AGEINGPOPULATION GROUPSPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRACTITIONERSPRIVATE INVESTMENTSPRIVATE PENSIONPRIVATE PENSION PROVIDERSPROBABILITIESPROBABILITYPUBLIC ECONOMICSPUBLIC EXPENDITURESPUBLIC PENSIONPUBLIC PENSION SCHEMESPUBLIC PENSIONSPUBLIC POLICYQUALITY OF SERVICESRATES OF RETURNREPLACEMENT RATESRETIREDRETIREMENTRETIREMENT AGERETIREMENT AGESRETIREMENT INCOMERETIREMENT INCOMESRETIREMENT-INCOMERISK AVERSIONRURAL AREASSAFETY NETSAFETY NETSSALARYSAVINGSSAVINGS INSTRUMENTSSELF-EMPLOYMENTSENIORSKILLED WORKERSSMALL ENTERPRISESSOCIAL AFFAIRSSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL EXPENDITURESSOCIAL INSURANCESOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMSSOCIAL PENSIONSOCIAL PENSIONSSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL RETURNSSOCIAL RISK MANAGEMENTSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATIONSSOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONSSOCIAL WELFARESOUND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENTSOURCES OF INCOMETAKE-UP RATETAX RATETRADE UNIONTRADITIONAL FAMILYURBAN AREASURBANIZATIONVALUATIONVOLUNTARY SAVINGSVULNERABILITYWAGESWITHDRAWALWITHDRAWAL RATEWORKING AGEWORTHWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7971-4