World Bank2014-07-182014-07-182008-07https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18925Despite positive, relatively broad-based and stable growth record in recent years and immense untapped potential in agriculture, mining and services, Zambia's poverty rates have not declined significantly and remain high. Income growth is limited by coordination failures such as poor access to domestic and international markets, inputs, extension services and information. High indirect costs - most of which attributable to infrastructure service-related inputs into production including energy, transport, telecom, water, but also insurance, marketing and professional service - undermine Zambia's competitiveness limit job creation and therefore serve as a major constraint to pro-poor growth. Continued real appreciation is another serious threat to the competitiveness of export-oriented and import-competing sectors and to job creation. For Zambia to stay competitive and sustain the growth momentum it will be critical to improve productivity - including the productivity of its labor force, and to lower indirect production costs related to basic services. Carefully crafted monetary and fiscal policies will also be critical in responding to the real appreciation pressures. Improving the quality and access to secondary and tertiary education is essential if the poor are to benefit from future growth of the non-farm economy. Weak governance and in particular poor government effectiveness, are factors behind the market coordination failures and the identified government failures, and are as such major obstacles to inclusive growth in Zambia.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS LEVELACCESS TO CAPITALACCESS TO CREDITACCESS TO EDUCATIONACCESS TO FINANCEACCESS TO MARKETSACCESS TO SAVINGACCOUNTINGADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURESAGRICULTURAL CREDITSAGRICULTURAL MARKETSAGRICULTURAL OUTPUTAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL SECTORARABLE LANDBANK ACCOUNTBANK ACCOUNTSBANK BRANCHESBANK DEPOSITBANK LOANSBANKING SECTORBINDING CONSTRAINTBUSINESS ACTIVITIESBUSINESS OWNERSCAPITAL FORMATIONCAPITAL GOODSCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCOALCOMMERCIAL BANKCOMMERCIAL BANK BRANCHESCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOMMERCIAL FARMERSCOMMERCIAL FARMINGCOMMODITY PRICESCOORDINATION FAILURESCORRUPTIONCOST OF CAPITALCOUNTRY COMPARISONSCREDIT OPPORTUNITIESCREDITWORTHINESSDEBTDEBT PAYMENTSDEBT RELIEFDEBT SERVICEDEPOSITDEPOSIT ACCOUNTDEPOSITSDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDIVERSIFICATIONDOMESTIC CREDITECONOMIC ACTIVITIESECONOMIC AGENTECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC SITUATIONEDUCATION LEVELSEMPLOYEREMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT STATUSENDOWMENTSENROLLMENTENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIESEXCESS DEMANDEXCESS SUPPLYEXCHANGE CONTROLSEXCHANGE RATEEXPENDITUREEXPORT PERFORMANCEEXPORT SHAREEXPORT SHARESEXPORTERSEXTERNAL DEBTEXTERNALITIESFARMERFARMERSFINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTUREFINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONFINANCIAL RESOURCESFINANCIAL SERVICEFINANCIAL SERVICESFISCAL POLICIESFISHERIESFISHINGFIXED COSTSFOREIGN CURRENCYFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN EXCHANGEFORESTRYGLOBAL ECONOMYGOVERNMENT BUDGETGOVERNMENT BUDGET DEFICITGOVERNMENT EXPENDITUREGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONSGOVERNMENT REVENUEHEALTH SERVICESHIGH INTEREST RATESHOLDINGHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLDSHOUSINGHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME GROUPSINCOME GROWTHINCOME LEVELINDIRECT COSTINDIVIDUALS WITHOUT ACCESSINEQUALITYINFLATIONINFORMAL BORROWINGINFORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIESINFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSINFORMATION ON BORROWERSINSECURE PROPERTYINSTRUMENTINSURANCEINTEREST RATEINTEREST RATE SPREADINTEREST RATE SPREADSINTERMEDIATE GOODSINTERNATIONAL FINANCEINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINVESTMENT CLIMATEINVESTMENT FLOWSIRREGULAR INCOMEJOB CREATIONLABOR COSTSLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR MOBILITYLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLACK OF CREDITLAND RIGHTSLEGAL FRAMEWORKLENDERSLEVYLIMITED ACCESSLIMITED ACCESS TO FINANCELIVING STANDARDSLOANLOCAL CURRENCYMACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTMACROECONOMIC INSTABILITYMACROECONOMIC RISKSMARKET ACCESSMARKET CONSTRAINTSMARKET FAILURESMARKET INFRASTRUCTUREMETALSMFIMICRO CREDITMICRO ENTERPRISESMICRO FINANCEMICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONMICRO-CREDITMICROFINANCEMICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONSMIGRATIONMINESMOBILE PHONEMONETARY POLICYNATURAL RESOURCESOILPENSIONPERSONAL LOANSPLEDGESPOOR ACCESSPOSITIVE EXTERNALITIESPRIVATE LOANSPRIVATIZATIONPRODUCERSPRODUCTION COSTSPRODUCTIVE RESOURCESPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC INVESTMENTSPUBLIC REGISTRIESREAL ESTATEREAL EXCHANGE RATEREMITTANCESRETURNRETURNSRISK PREMIUMSSAFETY NETSSAVINGSSELF EMPLOYMENTSELF-EMPLOYMENTSETTLEMENTSMALL ENTERPRISESSMALL FARMERSSMALLHOLDERSMALLHOLDERSSOCIAL SAFETY NETSSOCIAL SERVICESSTATISTICAL ANALYSISSUSTAINABLE GROWTHTAXTAX ADMINISTRATIONTAX CODETAX COLLECTIONTAX EXEMPTTAX EXEMPT STATUSTAX INCENTIVETAX POLICYTAX RATESTAX SYSTEMTAXATIONTRADE FACILITATIONTRADE TAXESTRADINGTRANSPORTURBAN AREAURBAN AREASURBANIZATIONVILLAGESWAGE DIFFERENTIALWAGESWAREHOUSEWAREHOUSES10.1596/18925