Kurzweil, MarianneAnderson, KymSandri, DamianoMartin, WillValenzuela, Ernesto2012-05-302012-05-302008-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6711Notwithstanding the tariffication component of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, import tariffs on farm products continue to provide an incomplete indication of the extent to which agricultural producer and consumer incentives are distorted in national markets. Especially in developing countries, non-agricultural policies indirectly impact agricultural and food markets. Empirical analysis aimed at monitoring distortions to agricultural incentives thus need to examine both agricultural and non-agricultural policy measures including import or export taxes, subsidies and quantitative restrictions, plus domestic taxes or subsidies on farm outputs or inputs and consumer subsidies for food staples. This paper addresses the practical methodological issues that need to be faced when attempting to undertake such a measurement task in developing countries. The approach is illustrated in two ways: by presenting estimates of nominal and relative rates of assistance to farmers in China for the period 1981 to 2005; and by summarizing estimates from an economy-wide computable general equilibrium model of the effects on agricultural versus non-agricultural markets of the project's measured distortions globally as of 2004.CC BY 3.0 IGOADVERSE EFFECTADVERSE IMPACTAGREEMENT ON AGRICULTUREAGRIBUSINESSAGRIBUSINESS FIRMSAGRICULTURAL COMMODITYAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSAGRICULTURAL EXPORTSAGRICULTURAL GOODSAGRICULTURAL IMPORTSAGRICULTURAL INCENTIVESAGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIESAGRICULTURAL MARKETSAGRICULTURAL OUTPUTAGRICULTURAL POLICIESAGRICULTURAL POLICYAGRICULTURAL POLICY INDICATORSAGRICULTURAL PRICEAGRICULTURAL PRICESAGRICULTURAL PRICINGAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL PROTECTIONAGRICULTURAL PROTECTIONISMAGRICULTURAL REFORMAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL SECTORSAGRICULTURAL TRADEAGRICULTURAL VALUEBENCHMARKBENCHMARK DATABORDER PRICESCAPITAL FLOWSCAPITAL INFLOWSCENTRAL BANKCOASTAL SHIPPINGCOMBINESCOMMERCIAL BANKINGCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOMMODITIESCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECONSUMER CHOICESCONSUMER SURPLUSCONSUMERSCOTTONCOUNTRY MARKETSCROPSCURRENCYCUTTINGDAIRYDAIRY PRODUCTSDEBTDEMAND CURVESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDIRECT PAYMENTSDOLLAR VALUESDOMESTIC CURRENCYDOMESTIC CURRENCY PRICEDOMESTIC MARKETDOMESTIC PRICEDOMESTIC PRICESDOMESTIC PRODUCERECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC RESEARCHELASTICITYEQUILIBRIUMEXCESS DEMANDEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATE POLICIESEXCHANGE RATE REGIMEEXCHANGE RATE SYSTEMEXCHANGE RATESEXPORTEXPORT SECTOREXPORT SUBSIDIESEXPORT SUBSIDYEXPORTERSEXPORTSEXTERNALITIESFARMFARM INCOMESFARM INPUTSFARM PRODUCTFARM PRODUCTIONFARM PRODUCTSFARM SECTORFARM VALUEFARMERSFATSFINANCIAL MARKETFINANCIAL MARKETSFOOD PRICESFOOD PRODUCTIONFOOD PRODUCTSFOREIGN COMPETITIONFOREIGN CURRENCIESFOREIGN CURRENCYFOREIGN DEBTFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN EXCHANGE RATEFOREIGN TRADEFREE MARKETSGDPGDP PER CAPITAGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSISGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELGLOBAL ECONOMYGLOBAL OUTPUTGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONSGOVERNMENT REGULATIONGOVERNMENT REGULATIONSGRAINGROSS VALUEHIGH-INCOME COUNTRIESIMPERFECT COMPETITIONIMPORTIMPORT BARRIERSIMPORT TARIFFIMPORT TARIFFSIMPORT VALUEINCOMEINTERNATIONAL MARKETINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL PRICEINTERNATIONAL PRICESLABOR MARKETSLIBERALIZATIONLIVESTOCKLOCAL CURRENCYLOGGINGMACROECONOMIC POLICYMARGINAL COSTSMARKET ACCESSMARKET CONDITIONSMARKET DISTORTIONSMARKET FAILURESMARKET PRICEMARKET PRICE SUPPORTMARKET PRICESMARKET RATEMARKET VALUESMEATMILKMONEY SUPPLYMULTIPLE EXCHANGE RATESNATIONAL ECONOMYNATURAL RESOURCEOPEN ECONOMYOUTPUTSOVERVALUATIONPARTICULAR COUNTRYPOLITICAL ECONOMYPORKPOSITIVE EFFECTSPOULTRYPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPREMIUMPRICE CONTROLSPRICE DISTORTIONPRICE DISTORTIONSPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLYPRICE LEVELPRICE LEVELSPRICE SUPPORTPRIMARY PRODUCTSPRODUCT DIFFERENTIATIONPRODUCTION QUOTAPROTECTION AGAINST IMPORTSPURCHASE PRICEQUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONQUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONSQUOTA SYSTEMRATE QUOTASRAW MATERIALRAW MATERIALSREAL EXCHANGE RATEREAL EXCHANGE RATE MISALIGNMENTREAL EXCHANGE RATESREAL GDPRELATIVE PRICESRULES OF ORIGINSECONDARY MARKETSINGLE TARIFFSMALL ECONOMIESSMALL ECONOMYSOCIAL COSTSUGARSUGAR BEETSUGAR CANESUPPLY CURVESTARIFF BARRIERSTARIFF RATETARIFF RATESTAXTAXATIONTRADE AGREEMENTSTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE TAXESTRANSACTIONTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSPARENCYUNDERVALUATIONUNFAIR COMPETITIONURUGUAY ROUNDVALUE ADDEDVALUE OF OUTPUTVEGETABLE OILSVOLUMEWEALTHWELFARE ECONOMICSWORLD MARKETSWORLD PRICEWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOMicrodata SetWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4612