Ekouevi, KoffiTuntivate, Voravate2012-07-022012-07-022012978-0-8213-9604-910.1596/978-0-8213-9604-9https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9372Half of humanity about 3 billion people are still relying on solid fuels for cooking and heating. Of that, about 2.5 billion people depend on traditional biomass fuels (wood, charcoal, agricultural waste, and animal dung), while about 400 million people use coal as their primary cooking and heating fuel (UNDP and WHO 2009). The majority of the population relying on solid fuels lives in Sub-Saharan Africa and in South Asia. In some countries in Central America and in East Asia and the Pacific, the use of solid fuels is also significant. The inefficient and unsustainable production and use of these fuels result in a significant public health hazard, as well as negative environmental impacts that keep people in poverty. Strategies to improve energy access to the poor have focused mainly on electricity access. They have often neglected non electricity household energy access. It is, however, estimated that about 2.8 billion people will still depend on fuel wood for cooking and heating in 2030 in a business-as-usual modus operandi (IEA 2010). The need for urgent interventions at the household level to provide alternative energy services to help improve livelihoods is becoming more and more accepted. This report's main objective is to conduct a review of the World Bank's financed operations and selected interventions by other institutions on household energy access in an attempt to examine success and failure factors to inform the new generation of upcoming interventions. First, the report provides a brief literature review to lay out the multidimensional challenge of an overwhelming reliance on solid fuels for cooking and heating. Second, it highlights how the Bank and selected governments and organizations have been dealing with this challenge. Third, it presents lessons learned to inform upcoming interventions. And finally, it indicates an outlook on the way forward.CC BY 3.0 IGOABATEMENTABATEMENT MEASURESACCESS TO ELECTRICITYACCESS TO ENERGYACCESS TO ENERGY SERVICESACCESS TO MODERN ENERGYAEROSOLSAGRICULTURAL WASTEAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYALBEDOALTERNATIVE ENERGYALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAMALTERNATIVE FUELSAMBIENT AIRAMBIENT AIR POLLUTIONANIMAL DUNGAPPLIANCESAPPROACHATMOSPHEREAVAILABILITYBENZENEBIOFUELSBIOGASBIOMASS BURNINGBIOMASS COMBUSTIONBIOMASS ENERGYBIOMASS FUELSBIOMASS RESIDUESBIOMASS STOVEBIOMASS UTILIZATIONBLACK CARBONBLACK CARBON EMISSIONSBOUNDARY LAYERBURN FUELSBURNING BIOMASSCANCERCARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON EMISSIONSCARBON FINANCECARBON FUNDCARBON FUNDSCARBON MARKETSCARBON MONOXIDECATALYTIC ROLECHARCOALCHARCOAL KILNSCHARCOAL PRODUCTIONCLEAN DEVELOPMENTCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN FUELSCLEANER FUELSCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTCO2COALCOALSCOLORSCOMBUSTIONCOMBUSTION CHAMBERCOMBUSTION EFFICIENCYCONSERVATIONCONSUMER FUELCONVENTIONAL ENERGYCOOK STOVECOOKINGCOOKING FUELSCOOKING STOVESCROPCROP DRYINGCROP WASTEDEFORESTATIONDIESELDISTRICT HEATINGDOMESTIC ENERGYDROUGHTEFFICIENT STOVESEFFICIENT USEEFFICIENT USE OF BIOMASSELECTRICITYEMISSIONEMISSION TRADINGEMPLOYMENTENERGY ACCESSENERGY ACTIVITIESENERGY ACTIVITYENERGY ASSESSMENTENERGY BALANCEENERGY COMPONENTSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY DEVELOPMENTENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY MANAGEMENTENERGY NEEDSENERGY PLANNINGENERGY POLICIESENERGY POLICYENERGY POVERTYENERGY PROJECTSENERGY SECURITYENERGY SOURCESENERGY STRATEGIESENERGY STRATEGYENERGY TECHNOLOGYENERGY USEENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYFLUE GASESFORESTFOREST COVERFOREST ECOSYSTEMSFOREST MANAGEMENTFOREST RESOURCESFOREST SERVICEFORESTRYFORESTSFORMALDEHYDEFOSSILFOSSIL FUELSFUEL COMBUSTIONFUEL COSTFUEL DEMANDFUEL EFFICIENCYFUEL FOR POWER GENERATIONFUEL SWITCHINGFUEL TYPEFUEL USEFUELWOODGAS PROJECTSGAS RESERVESGASEOUS POLLUTANTSGEFGENERATIONGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTGLOBAL WARMINGGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONSGRID RURAL ELECTRIFICATIONGRID SYSTEMSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHARMFUL EMISSIONSHEALTH HAZARDHEATHEAT METERINGHEAT TRANSFERHEATING ENERGYHOUSEHOLD COOKINGHOUSEHOLD ENERGYHOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD ENERGY SECTORHOUSEHOLD ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESHOUSEHOLD ENERGY USEHOUSEHOLD FUELHOUSEHOLD FUELSHYDROCARBONSINCOMEINDOOR AIR QUALITYINDUSTRIAL KILNSINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYKEROSENELAND TENURELAND USELAND USE CHANGELIGHTINGLIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASLIVING STANDARDSLPGMODERN FUELSNATURAL GASOILOIL PRICESOIL PRODUCTSPARTICLESPARTICULATEPARTICULATESPETROLEUMPETROLEUM GASPILOT PROJECTSPM10POLLUTANTSPOLLUTION LEVELSPOWERPOWER CAPACITYPOWER SECTORPOWER SECTOR REFORMPOWER TRADEPRODUCTION OF CHARCOALREDUCTION OF EMISSIONSRELIABILITY OF SUPPLYRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONSRENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAMRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESRENEWABLESRURAL AREASRURAL ELECTRICITYRURAL ELECTRIFICATIONRURAL ENERGYRURAL HOUSEHOLDRURAL HOUSEHOLDSSMOKESOLAR HOMESOLAR HOME SYSTEMSSOLID FUELSOLID FUELSSUNLIGHTSUSTAINABLE ENERGYTEMPERATURETOXIC POLLUTANTSTRADITIONAL BIOMASSTRADITIONAL ENERGY SECTORTRADITIONAL FUELTRADITIONAL FUELSTRADITIONAL STOVETRADITIONAL STOVESUNEPURBAN HOUSEHOLDUSE OF BIOMASS ENERGYVILLAGE ENERGYWOODWOOD FUELWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-9604-9