World Bank2012-06-112012-06-112007-06-18https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7749This study on harnessing international trade to support climate change objectives assesses the following: 1) What are the main policy prescriptions for reducing greenhouse gases that are employed by OECD countries and how do they impact the competitiveness of their energy-intensive industries? 2) On account of the impact on competitiveness, is there is leakage of energy intensive industries from OECD countries to developing countries? 3) Under what conditions can one justify trade measures under the WTO regime? What are the impacts of levying trade measures on trade flows and emissions? 4) What are the underlying trade and investment barriers to the use of clean energy technologies in developing countries? 5) In addition to tariff and non-tariff barriers, are there other issues impacting the diffusion of clean energy technologies in developing countries? 6) Is liberalization of renewable and clean coal technologies a plausible solution to assisting developing countries in achieving a low-carbon growth path? 7) What conditions are necessary for negotiating a "climate-friendly" package under the current WTO framework? The key findings and recommendations of this report include: a) Industrial competitiveness in Kyoto implementing countries suffers more from energy efficiency standards than from carbon taxation policies; b) Industrial competitiveness affected by carbon taxation policies are often offset by "policy packages"; c) Some evidence supports leakage of carbon-intensive countries to developing countries; d) Trade measures can be justified only under certain conditions; e) The proposed EU "Kyoto Tariff" may hurt the United States' trade balance; f) Varied levels of tariffs are impediments to clean energy technology diffusion in developing countries.CC BY 3.0 IGOABATEMENTABATEMENT COSTSALTERNATIVE ENERGYAPPROACHATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONSAVAILABILITYAVERAGE EMISSIONSBALANCECARBONCARBON CAPTURECARBON DIOXIDECARBON EMISSIONSCARBON ENERGYCARBON TAXCARBON TAXESCEMENTCEMENT INDUSTRYCHANGES IN CLIMATECHEMICAL INDUSTRYCLEAN COALCLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGYCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN TECHNOLOGYCLEANER TECHNOLOGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE POLICIESCOCO2COALCOMBUSTIONCONSERVATIONCONVERGENCECOSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEDEFORESTATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDIFFUSIONDNAECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INSTRUMENTSECONOMIC POLICIESECONOMICSEFFICIENT LIGHTINGELECTRICITY USEEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION TARGETSEMISSION TRADINGEMISSIONSEMISSIONS FROM ENERGYEMISSIONS LEVELSEMISSIONS REDUCTIONEMISSIONS TARGETSENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY INTENSITYENERGY POLICIESENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SECURITYENERGY SOURCESENERGY SUPPLYENERGY TECHNOLOGYENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSENVIRONMENTAL GOODSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONSENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMESENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDSEQUILIBRIUMEXPENDITURESFISCAL POLICIESFISHERIESFLUE GASFLUE GAS DESULFURIZATIONFLUORESCENT LAMPFORESTRYFOSSILFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTIONFOSSIL FUELSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFUEL CELLGASIFICATIONGLOBAL EMISSIONGLOBAL EMISSIONSGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEATHYDROGENIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEINCOMEINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYIPCCJOINT IMPLEMENTATIONKILOWATT-HOURMITIGATION TECHNOLOGIESMONTREALMONTREAL PROTOCOLMONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYERNATURAL RESOURCESNITROGENNITROGEN OXIDENOXNUCLEAR POWEROZONEOZONE LAYERPETROLEUMPETROLEUM GASPHOTOVOLTAICPOLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CHARGESPOLLUTION REGULATIONPRINCIPLES OF EQUITYPRODUCERSPROPERTY RIGHTSPURCHASING POWERRECYCLINGRENEWABLE ELECTRICITYRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESRENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESRENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDSRESOURCE USESAVINGSSOLAR PANELSSTABILIZATIONSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE ENERGYSUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURETAX CREDITSTAXATIONTONS OF CARBONTRANSFER OF ENERGYUNEPUNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMMEVEHICLESVOLUNTARY AGREEMENTSWASTEWASTE MANAGEMENTWAVE ENERGYWINDWIND POWERWIND POWER CAPACITYWIND POWER GENERATIONWMOWORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONWorld Bank10.1596/7749