Ianchovichina, ElenaMartin, Will2014-08-212014-08-212001-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/19606Before reform, China's trade was dominated by a few foreign trade corporations with monopolies on the trade of specific ranges of products. Planners could control imports through these corporations so there was little need for conventional instruments such as tariffs, quotas, and licenses. Trade reforms increased the range of enterprises eligible to trade in specific commodities and led to the development of indirect new trade instruments, such as duty exemptions. Duty exemptions almost completely liberalized the imports of intermediate inputs used to produce exports and investment goods used in joint ventures with foreign enterprises. Comprehensive liberalization measures in China's World Trade Organization (WTO) accession package will help ease this problem as tariff reduction reduces the costs of domestic inputs to exporters. WTO commitments will also lead to the abolition of most nontariff barriers and of quotas on textiles and clothing. With accession, China's share of world exports may almost double between 1995 and 2005 - an estimate that is smaller than those found in studies that do not incorporate duty exemptions. (Duty exemptions were a form of partial liberalization, so any further reduction in protection will boost trade volume less than some estimate.) With reform, labor-intensive industries are expected to grow most, especially exports of apparel. Wages of unskilled worker should rise.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESSIONACCESSION AGREEMENTACCESSION NEGOTIATIONSACCESSION PACKAGEACCESSION PROCESSACCESSION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONACCESSION TO WTOAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIESAGRICULTURAL EXPORT SUBSIDIESAGRICULTURAL PRICESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL PROTECTIONAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL SECTORSAGRICULTURAL TRADEAGRICULTURAL TRADE POLICIESAGRICULTUREAPPARELAPPAREL EXPORTSAPPAREL PRODUCTSAPPAREL SECTORAUTOMOBILE SECTORAVERAGEAVERAGE TARIFFAVERAGE TARIFFSBARLEYBASE YEARBENCHMARKBENEFICIAL IMPACTBILATERAL NEGOTIATIONSCAPITAL GOODSCAPITAL STOCKCOALCOMMAND ECONOMYCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECUSTOMSCUSTOMS VALUATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENTDISTRIBUTION SERVICESDOMESTIC DEMANDDUTY EXEMPTIONSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC HISTORYEMPIRICAL RESEARCHEMPLOYMENTEXCHANGE RATESEXPORT MARKETSEXPORT PROCESSINGEXPORT QUOTASEXPORT SECTORSEXPORT TAXEXPORT TAX EQUIVALENTSEXPORT VOLUMESEXPORTERSFACTOR ENDOWMENTSFORECASTSFOREIGN ENTERPRISESFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN FIRMSFOREIGN INVESTMENTFOREIGN TRADEFREE TRADEGRAIN TRADEGROUPS OF COMMODITIESGROWTH RATEHIGH IMPORT DUTIESHIGH TRADE BARRIERSHUMAN CAPITALIMPORT DUTIESIMPORT MARKETSINCOMEINCOME ELASTICITIESINCOME GROWTHINCREASED COMPETITIONINDUSTRIAL COUNTRIESINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTSINDUSTRIAL TARIFFSINSURANCEINTELLECTUAL PROPERTYINTENSIVE INDUSTRIESINTERMEDIATE INPUTSINTERNATIONAL MARKETSLABOR- INTENSIVELABOR-INTENSIVEMARKET ACCESSMARKET LIBERALIZATIONMARKET PRICESMETALSMONOPOLIESNEGATIVE PROTECTIONNET EXPORTERNONTARIFF BARRIERSOILOPENNESSPARTIAL LIBERALIZATIONPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY REFORMSPOVERTY REDUCTIONPROCESS OF LIBERALIZATIONPRODUCERSPRODUCT PRICESPRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPROTECTION RATESPROTECTIVE IMPACTQUOTA IMPORTSQUOTA TARIFFRATES OF PROTECTIONREAL EXCHANGE RATERESOURCE ALLOCATIONROUND AGREEMENTSHARE OF WORLD EXPORTSSTATE TRADINGSTATISTICAL ANALYSISSTATUTORY TARIFFSTATUTORY TARIFF RATESSTRUCTURAL CHANGETARIFF BARRIERSTARIFF BINDINGSTARIFF EQUIVALENTSTARIFF PROTECTIONTARIFF RATETARIFF RATE QUOTASTARIFF RATESTARIFF REDUCTIONTARIFF REDUCTIONSTARIFF REFORMTARIFFSTAXATIONTELECOMMUNICATIONSTIMBERTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHTOURISMTRADETRADE COSTSTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE PATTERNSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE POLICY INSTRUMENTSTRADE POLICY REFORMTRADE REFORMTRADE REFORMSTRADE REGIMETRADE REGIMESTRADE RIGHTSTRADE VOLUMETRADING PARTNERSTRADING RIGHTSTRADING SYSTEMTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSITION PERIODTRIPS AGREEMENTUNSKILLED WORKERSURUGUAY ROUNDVALUE ADDEDWAGESWELFARE GAINSWORLD ECONOMYWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOWTO ACCESSIONWTO AGREEMENTWTO COMMITMENTSWTO MEMBERS10.1596/1813-9450-2623