World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192010-11-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2999Economic growth in Central America has increased rapidly over the past 20 years. Currently, the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for the six Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama averages approximately US$3,600. However, masked behind this average figure is a Sub region of 40 million people with a wide variety of income, where more than half of the population lives in poverty. Energy in general and electricity specifically are critical for economic development. Electricity is needed to power the machinery that supports income-generating opportunities. Capital (both domestic and foreign) is attracted to countries that are able to offer an affordable, reliable source of electricity for businesses. Although the individual electricity markets of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama are not large, together the six countries collectively generated nearly 38 Terawatt-hours (TWh) of power, equivalent to around 70 percent of the annual electricity supply of a medium-sized country in Latin America. The World Bank has undertaken a series of studies to better understand the energy challenges facing these six Central American countries that are to be joined by Sistema de Interconexion Electrica para America Central (SIEPAC) and to identify actions to promote the sound development of the sector. These studies have been prepared by a team of policy experts, engineers and economists as part of an integrated series entitled the Central America programmatic energy studies, with a primary focus on the electricity subsector. The initial phase of this programmatic series includes three modules. The first module is general issues and options; second module is managing an electricity shortfall; and the third module is structure and regulatory challenges. This particular document, the managing an electricity shortfall module, provides a framework for action and a broad menu of options available to policy makers to bridge a supply-demand gap in the short- to medium-term.La interconexión del sistema de electricidad permite a los países intercambiar electricidad, exportar la electricidad excedente más allá de sus límites e importarla cuando su suministro es escaso. El estudio, “Cómo gestionar un déficit de generación eléctrica: guía para formuladores de políticas”, forma parte de una serie titulada “Estudio programático del sector energía para América Central”, con un enfoque primordial en el subsector eléctrico. En este subsector, un paso importante hacia la integración regional es la construcción de la línea de interconexión del SIEPAC, que une a Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá. Este informe fue diseñado para analizar las necesidades a medio y largo plazo, promover el desarrollo de un mercado regional energético y minimizar los costos a largo plazo, aspectos que forman parte de los objetivos principales del proyecto SIEPAC. El presente documento sintetiza el marco de acción y presenta un amplio menú de opciones disponibles para cerrar la brecha entre la oferta y la demanda a corto y medio plazo. El propósito es que la información provista aporte un conocimiento valioso para los formuladores de políticas energéticas de otros países en todo el mundo. Los elementos de una respuesta diseñada para hacer frente a una crisis eléctrica dependerán de: el origen de la brecha entre la oferta y la demanda; la duración prevista del déficit de electricidad y el tiempo de ejecución disponible; la identificación y evaluación de medidas que puedan efectivamente llevarse a la práctica (tanto del lado de la oferta como del lado de la demanda), y la organización institucional del sector.CC BY 3.0 IGOACTION PLANADMINISTRATIVE COSTSADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSAPPROACHAUTOMOBILEAVAILABILITYBACK-UPBACKUPBALANCEBROADCASTBUSINESSESCAPACITY FACTORCAPITAL EXPENDITURECARBONCEMENTCEMENT PLANTSCOMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPSCOMPUTERSCONSERVATION MEASURESCOPYRIGHTCOST OF ELECTRICITYCUSTOMER BEHAVIORDEMAND FOR ELECTRICITYDEMAND GROWTHDIESELDIESEL ENGINESDIESEL FUELDISTRIBUTION COMPANYDISTRIBUTION OF COSTSECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTEFFICIENT EQUIPMENTEFFICIENT LIGHTINGEFFICIENT USEEFFICIENT USE OF ELECTRICITYEFFICIENT USE OF ENERGYELECTRIC POWERELECTRIC UTILITIESELECTRICITYELECTRICITY CONSERVATIONELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONELECTRICITY DEMANDELECTRICITY PRICESELECTRICITY PRICINGELECTRICITY SAVINGSELECTRICITY SECTORELECTRICITY SUPPLYELECTRICITY SYSTEMELECTRICITY TARIFFSELECTRICITY USAGEELECTRICITY USEELECTRICITY UTILITIESEMPLOYMENTEND USERSEND-USEENERGY BILLENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURESENERGY CONSUMERSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURESENERGY MANAGEMENTENERGY POLICYENERGY PRICEENERGY PRODUCTIONENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SECURITYENERGY SOURCEENERGY SOURCESENERGY SUPPLYENERGY USEENERGY-SAVING MEASURESEXPENDITUREFAIRFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFLUORESCENT LAMPFOSSILFOSSIL FUELSFUELFUEL COSTFUEL PRICEFUEL SWITCHINGGASGAS IMPORTSGAS TURBINEGAS TURBINESGENERAL POPULATIONGENERATING CAPACITYGENERATIONGENERATION CAPACITYGEOGRAPHICAL AREAGEOGRAPHICAL AREASGEOTHERMAL ENERGYGLOBAL KNOWLEDGEGLOBAL POLLUTANTSGOVERNMENT OFFICESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEATHEAT PUMPSHEAVY FUEL OILHOT WATERHYDRO-THERMAL SYSTEMSIMAGEINCOMEINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIONINSPECTIONSINSTALLATIONINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYKILOWATT HOURMANAGEMENT SYSTEMSMANUFACTURINGMARKET POWERMARKET VALUEMENUNUCLEAR PLANTNUMBER OF USERSOIL PRICESPEAK CAPACITYPEAK DEMANDPETROLEUMPOLLUTANTSPOWERPOWER CONSUMPTIONPOWER GENERATIONPOWER PLANTPOWER PLANTSPOWER PRODUCERPOWER SECTORPRICE CAPPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE INCREASEPRICE INCREASESPRICE INFORMATIONPRICE MECHANISMPRICE OF ELECTRICITYPRICE RISKPRICE STABILIZATIONPRICE VOLATILITYPRIMARY ENERGYPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATIONPROCUREMENTPRODUCTIVITYPUBLIC UTILITIESPURCHASINGPURE ENERGYQUALITY OF SERVICEQUANTITY OF ELECTRICITYRADIORATIONAL USE OF ENERGYREBATEREBATESREDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTIONRESIDENTIAL CONSUMERSRESIDENTIAL LOADRESULTRESULTSRETAILRETAIL PRICESSALESSENSITIVITY ANALYSISSOLAR WATER HEATINGSOURCE OF ELECTRICITYSPOT MARKETSPOT PRICESPOT PRICESSTOCKSSUGARCANESUPPLY COSTSSUPPLY OF ELECTRICITYSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTARGETSTARIFF STRUCTURETECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNICAL REQUIREMENTSTECHNICAL SUPPORTTELEVISIONTELEVISION CHANNELSTELEVISIONSTHERMAL EFFICIENCYTHERMAL PLANTSTHERMAL SYSTEMSTIME FRAMETIME PERIODTRANSACTIONTRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION CAPACITYTRANSMISSION SYSTEMTYPES OF USERSUSERUSER CATEGORIESUSER CATEGORYUSERSUSESUTILITIESVERTICAL INTEGRATIONVOLTAGEVOLUNTARY CONSERVATIONWASTEWATER HEATINGWHOLESALE PRICEWHOLESALE PRICESWorld Bank10.1596/2999