Kojima, MasamiJohnson, Todd2014-04-222014-04-222005-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18007Liquid biofuels made from biomass are attracting increasing interest worldwide. Industrial countries see biofuels as a way of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector and diversifying energy sources. Developing countries see biofuels as a way to stimulate rural development, create jobs, and save foreign exchange. Both groups view biofuels as a means of increasing energy security. These concerns, taken together and highlighted by recent surges in the world oil price, have prompted a wide range of countries to consider biofuels programs. Canada, Colombia, the European Union (EU), India, Thailand, and the United States have adopted new targets, some mandatory, for increasing the contribution of biofuels to their transport fuel supplies. In Brazil, after a period of a decline in ethanol consumption, flex-fuel vehicles-capable of running on varying percentages of ethanol-are revitalizing the ethanol market.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO MODERN ENERGYAIR EMISSIONSAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYAIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENTAIR RESOURCESAIR TOXIC EMISSIONSAIR-QUALITYALTERNATIVE USESAMOUNT OF HEATANHYDROUS ETHANOLAROMATICSAUTOMOTIVE ENGINESBAGASSEBARRELBENEFIT ANALYSISBENZENEBIOGASBIOMASSCARBONCARBON CREDITSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON MONOXIDECARCINOGENSCETANE IMPROVEMENT ADDITIVESCETANE NUMBERCLEAN DEVELOPMENTCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMCLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATIC CONDITIONSCO2COLD CLIMATECOMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDCOMBUSTION CHAMBERCOMPRESSED NATURAL GASCOMPRESSION IGNITIONCONSUMER PROTECTIONCPICRUDE OILCRUDE OIL PRICECRUDE OILSDIESELDIESEL FUELDIESEL GENERATORSDISTILLATIONDISTILLERIESDRIVING CYCLEECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIES OF SCALEECONOMISTSEFFICIENT USEEFFLUENTSELECTRICITYELECTRICITY GENERATIONEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSIONSEND-USEENERGY EXPERTSENERGY MARKETSENERGY PRACTICESENERGY SECTORENERGY SECURITYENERGY SOURCESENGINEENGINESENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGESENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYETHANOLETHANOL FROM SUGARCANEETHANOL MARKETETHANOL PLANTETHANOL PRICEETHANOL PRODUCTIONEXCHANGE RATEEXHAUST EMISSIONSEXHAUST GASEXPENDITURESEXTERNALITIESFARMSFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOSSIL FUELSFUELFUEL COMBUSTIONFUEL ECONOMYFUEL INJECTIONFUEL PROCUREMENTFUEL SOURCEFUEL SUPPLIESFUEL SUPPLYFUELSGAS JOURNALGAS RECIRCULATIONGASOLINEGASOLINE COMPONENTGASOLINE CONSUMPTIONGASOLINE OCTANEGASOLINE PRICESGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSHARMFUL POLLUTANTSHYDROCARBONSHYDROGENINCOMEINJECTION EQUIPMENTINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYLAND DEGRADATIONLEGISLATIONLIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASLIQUID FUELLOWER EMISSIONSMETHYL TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHERNITROUS OXIDENOXOCTANEOILOIL AND GASOIL MARKETOIL PRICEOIL PRICESOLEFINSOPECOPEC BASKET PRICEOPPORTUNITY COSTSORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIESOXIDES OF NITROGENOXYGENOZONEOZONE PRECURSORPARTICULATE MATTERPETROLEUMPETROLEUM FUELSPETROLEUM GASPETROLEUM INDUSTRYPETROLEUM PRODUCTSPHPIPELINEPOLLUTANTSPRICE DIFFERENCESPRICE VOLATILITYPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCERSPRODUCTION COSTSPRODUCTIVITYRAINFALLRAPESEEDRAPESEED METHYL ESTERREFORMULATED GASOLINERENEWABLE FUELSRESOURCE USERURAL COMMUNITIESSOCIAL COSTSSOLID BIOMASSSTREAMSSULFURSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE ENERGYTAILPIPE EMISSIONSTAX CREDITTAXATIONTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGETRANSPORT FUELTRANSPORT FUELSURBAN AIR QUALITYVEHICLEVEHICLE EXHAUSTVEHICLE PERFORMANCEVEHICLESWAGESWATER PUMPINGWORLD OILWORLD OIL PRICES10.1596/18007