World Bank2014-03-132014-03-132011-02https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17276This study follows current approaches to political economy-interdisciplinary inquiry drawing upon social and political theory and economic principles-to understand how political actors, institutions, and economic processes influence each other. The 'political economy of sanitation,' therefore, refers to the social, political, and economic processes and factors that determine the extent and nature of sanitation investment and service provision. This study's conceptual framework combines a diagnostic component with a typology of actions to help translate analytical findings into more effective support to operations and investments. The diagnostic framework aims to identify political economy constraints as well as opportunities that are entry points for subsequent operational actions. The study was conducted through a qualitative analysis of stakeholders, institutions, impacts, risks, and opportunities that was linked to processes and policy debate. This synthesis report is based on the findings from the secondary literature review and the results of primary research in the four case study countries, which examined how each had identified and managed political economy risks and opportunities in its sanitation interventions. Overall, the study confirms the importance of assessing stakeholder interests, identifying potential winners and losers, identifying incentives, and examining formal and informal institutions.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO SANITATIONACCESS TO WATERBASIC SANITATIONBEHAVIORAL CHANGECHILD-CARECITIZENCITIZENSCITIZENSHIPCIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONSCOMMUNAL TOILETSCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECONNECTIONSCONTROL OVER RESOURCESCULTURAL CHANGECULTURAL VALUESDEMAND FOR SANITATIONDEMAND FOR SERVICESDISEASESDISSEMINATIONDRAINAGE SYSTEMSDRAINSECONOMIC FACTORSECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL SANITATIONFOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONSGLOBAL POLICYGOOD SANITATIONGOVERNMENT AGENCIESGOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTSGOVERNMENT OFFICESHEALTH AND HYGIENEHEALTH PROMOTIONHEALTH RISKHEALTH SERVICESHISTORICAL CONTEXTHOUSEHOLD LATRINESHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN DIGNITYHUMAN EXCRETAHUMAN WASTEIMPACT ON HEALTHINDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDSINFORMATION CAMPAIGNSINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIESINVESTMENTS IN SANITATIONLACK OF CAPACITYLEGAL STATUSLEGITIMACYLOCAL GOVERNMENTSLOCAL MUNICIPALITIESLOCAL WATERLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMANAGEMENT OF EXCRETAMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALMINISTRY OF HEALTHMINORITYMODERNIZATIONMOTHERNATION-STATESNATIONAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL LEVELNATIONAL POLICYNATIONAL STRATEGIESNATIONAL WATERNATIONAL WATER SUPPLYOPERATIONAL FRAMEWORKPIT LATRINEPIT LATRINESPOLICY CONTROLPOLICY DIALOGUEPOLICY FRAMEWORKPOLICY MAKERSPOLITICAL DECISIONPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL INSTITUTIONSPOLITICAL LEADERSHIPPOLITICAL PARTIESPOPULATION CONCENTRATIONPOPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION GROUPSPRACTITIONERSPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPUBLIC DEBATEPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SANITATIONPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SUPPORTPUBLIC WORKSREGULATORY FRAMEWORKREGULATORY REFORMRENT-SEEKING BEHAVIORRESEARCH ORGANIZATIONSRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESOURCE FLOWSRURAL AREASRURAL POPULATIONRURAL SANITATIONSAFE DRINKINGSANITATIONSANITATION ACCESSSANITATION ENGINEERSANITATION ENGINEERSSANITATION HYGIENESANITATION INFRASTRUCTURESANITATION INTERVENTIONSSANITATION POLICIESSANITATION POLICYSANITATION PROBLEMSSANITATION PROGRAMSANITATION PROMOTIONSANITATION SECTORSANITATION SERVICESANITATION SERVICE DELIVERYSANITATION SERVICESSANITATION STRATEGIESSANITATION SYSTEMSANITATION TECHNOLOGIESSANITATION UTILITIESSAVINGSSCARCE RESOURCESSEPTIC TANKSEPTIC TANKSSERVICE PROVIDERSSERVICE PROVISIONSEWERAGESEWERAGE SERVICESSEWERAGE SYSTEMSSLUM DWELLERSSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL IMPACTSOCIAL MOVEMENTSSOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL SECTORSOLID WASTESOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTSTATE GOVERNMENTSSUSTAINABLE ACCESSTAXATIONTOILETTOILETSTOTAL SANITATIONTREATMENT PLANTURBAN AREASURBAN CENTRESURBAN COMMUNITIESURBAN COMMUNITYURBAN RESIDENTSURBAN SANITATIONURBANIZATIONUSERSWASTEWATER TREATMENTWATER UTILITY10.1596/17276