Skilling, HeatherBanerjee, SudeshnaBriceno-Garmendia, CeciliaFoster, VivienChfadi, TarikMorella, Elvira2012-06-122012-06-122008-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7835With only 56 percent of the population enjoying access to safe water, Sub-Saharan Africa lags behind other regions in terms of access to improved water sources. Based on present trends, it appears that the region is unlikely to meet the target of 75 percent access to improved water by 2015, as specified in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). The welfare implications of safe water cannot be overstated. The estimated health and time-saving benefits of meeting the MDG goal are about 11 times as high as the associated costs. Monitoring the progress of infrastructure sectors such as water supply has been a significant by-product of the MDG, and serious attention and funding have been devoted in recent years to developing systems for monitoring and evaluating in developing countries. Piped water reaches more urban Africans than any other form of water supply-but not as large a share as it did in the early 1990s. The most recent available data for 32 countries suggests that some 39 percent of the urban population of Sub-Saharan Africa is connected to a piped network, compared with 50 percent in the early 1990s. Analysis suggests that the majority of those who lack access to utility water live too far away from the distribution network, although some fail to connect even when they live close by. Water-sector institutions follow no consistent pattern in Sub-Saharan Africa. Where service is centralized, a significant minority has chosen to combine power and water services into a single national multi-utility urban water sector reforms were carried out in the 1990s, with the aim of creating commercially oriented utilities and bringing the sector under formal regulation. One goal of the reforms was to attract private participation in the sector.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATERACCESS TO SAFE WATERACCESS TO WATERBOREHOLESBULK SUPPLIERSBULK WATERCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCOLLECTION EFFICIENCYCONCESSION CONTRACTSCONNECTIONCONNECTION FEESCONSUMER REPRESENTATIONCOST RECOVERYCOVERINGCUBIC METERDECISION MAKINGDEMAND MANAGEMENTDISTILLATIONDISTRIBUTION NETWORKDISTRIBUTION OF WATERDRINKING WATERDUG WELLSEFFECTIVE WATERGOOD GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTSHAND PUMPSHIGHER COLLECTIONHOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONSHOUSEHOLDSINSUFFICIENT WATERINVESTMENT CLIMATEINVESTMENT REQUIREMENTSIRRIGATIONLAKESLARGE UTILITIESLARGE UTILITYLITERS PER CAPITA PER DAYLOCAL CAPACITYMETERINGMONITORING PROGRAMNATIONAL WATERNONREVENUE WATERNUMBER OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESSOPERATIONAL PERFORMANCEOPERATORSPERFORMANCE CONTRACTPERFORMANCE DATAPERFORMANCE INDICATORSPHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTUREPIPED WATERPONDSPOPULATION GROWTHPRESSUREPRIVATE OPERATORPRIVATE PARTICIPATIONPUBLIC STANDPOSTSPUBLIC TAPPUBLIC UTILITIESQUALITY OF SERVICEQUALITY OF WATERQUALITY STANDARDSRAINWATERREGULATORY AGENCIESREGULATORY AGENCYREGULATORY BODIESREGULATORY CAPACITYREGULATORY ENVIRONMENTREGULATORY FRAMEWORKREGULATORY FRAMEWORKSREGULATORY FUNCTIONREGULATORY STRUCTURESRESIDENTIAL CONNECTIONSRURAL WATERRURAL WATER SUPPLYSANITATION ACCESSSANITATION AUTHORITYSANITATION INFRASTRUCTURESANITATION PROGRAMSANITATION SECTORSCARCE WATERSCARCE WATER RESOURCESSERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE PROVIDERSERVICE PROVIDERSSERVICE PROVISIONSERVICE STANDARDSSEWERAGESEWERAGE AUTHORITYSEWERAGE COMPANYSLUM POPULATIONSMALL-SCALE SERVICE PROVIDERSSPRINGSSURFACE WATERTARIFF ADJUSTMENTTARIFF ADJUSTMENTSTARIFF SETTINGTECHNICAL STANDARDSTOWNURBAN AREASURBAN ENVIRONMENTURBAN HOUSEHOLDSURBAN RESIDENTSURBAN SANITATIONURBAN SLUMURBAN WATERURBAN WATER SECTORURBAN WATER SERVICESURBAN WATER SUPPLYURBANIZATIONUSERSUTILITY EFFICIENCYUTILITY STAFFUTILITY STRUCTUREWASTEWATERWASTEWATER SERVICESWATER BOARDWATER COLLECTIONWATER COMPANYWATER CONNECTIONWATER CONNECTIONSWATER CONSUMPTIONWATER COVERAGEWATER DISTRIBUTIONWATER LAWWATER MARKETWATER POLICYWATER PRICINGWATER PRODUCTIONWATER PROVIDERSWATER QUALITYWATER RATESWATER REGULATIONWATER RESOURCESWATER SECTORWATER SECTOR REFORMWATER SERVICEWATER SERVICE DELIVERYWATER SERVICE PROVIDERSWATER SERVICE PROVISIONWATER SERVICESWATER SHORTAGESWATER SOURCEWATER SOURCESWATER STANDPOSTSWATER SYSTEMSWATER TARIFFSWATER UTILITIESWATER UTILITYWATER VENDORSWELLSWorld Bank10.1596/7835