Dinar, ArielLarson, Donald F.Blankespoor, Brian2012-06-292012-06-292012-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9338Greenhouse gas emissions are largely determined by how energy is created and used, and policies designed to encourage mitigation efforts reflect this reality. However, an unintended consequence of an energy-focused strategy is that the set of policy instruments needed to tap mitigation opportunities in agriculture is incomplete. In particular, market-linked incentives to achieve mitigation targets are disconnected from efforts to better manage carbon sequestered in agricultural land. This is especially important for many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia where once-productive land has been degraded through poor agricultural practices. Often good agricultural policies and prudent natural resource management can compensate for missing links to mitigation incentives, but only partially. At the same time, two international project-based programs, Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism, have been used to finance other types of agricultural mitigation efforts worldwide. Even so, a review of projects suggests that few countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia take full advantage of these financing paths. This paper discusses mitigation opportunities in the region, the reach of current mitigation incentives, and missed mitigation opportunities in agriculture. The paper concludes with a discussion of alternative policies designed to jointly promote mitigation and co-benefits for agriculture and the environment.CC BY 3.0 IGOABATEMENT COSTSAFFORESTATIONAFFORESTATION PROJECTSAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIESAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL POLICYAGRICULTURAL PURPOSESAGRICULTURAL USESAGRICULTURAL WASTEALLOCATIONALTERNATIVE POLICIESANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSEANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GASESASSESSMENT REPORTSATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GASAVERAGE PRICEBASE-YEAR EMISSIONSBASESBIOCHEMISTRYBIODIVERSITYBIOMASSBIOMASS ENERGYBOREAL FORESTSCALCULATIONCARBONCARBON CONTENTCARBON CREDITSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON EQUIVALENTCARBON IN SOILSCARBON MARKETCARBON MARKETSCARBON OFFSETSCARBON OFFSETTINGCARBON POOLSCARBON PRICESCARBON SEQUESTRATIONCARBON STOCKSCARBON STORAGECARBON TAXCARBON UNITSCARBON UPTAKECASE-BY-CASE BASISCERTIFIED EMISSIONS REDUCTIONSCH4CHANGES IN THE EARTHCHLORIDESCLASSIFICATIONCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMCLEAN TECHNOLOGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE CHANGE POLICIESCLIMATE CONDITIONSCLIMATE POLICYCOCO2COMPOSTINGCONSERVATIONCOST SAVINGSCOSTS OF ABATEMENTCROP PRODUCTIONCROPLANDCROPSCROWDING OUTCRUDE OILDEGRADED LANDDEGRADED LANDSDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDISCHARGEDISSOLUTIONDOMESTIC EMISSIONSECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMICSECOSYSTEMEFFICIENCY GAINSELECTRIC POWEREMISSIONEMISSION ALLOWANCESEMISSION CEILINGSEMISSION GROWTHEMISSION LEVELSEMISSION PERMITSEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTION GOALSEMISSION REDUCTION TARGETSEMISSION REDUCTION UNITSEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION TARGETSEMISSION TRADINGEMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTUREEMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATIONEMISSIONS REDUCTIONENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EXPENDITURESENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITYENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESENVIRONMENTSEQUILIBRIUMEROSIONETHANOLFERROUS METALSFERTILIZATIONFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFINANCIAL RESOURCESFORESTFOREST AREAFOREST CARBONFOREST FIRESFOREST FLOORSFORESTRYFORESTRY PRODUCTIONFORESTRY PROJECTSFORESTSFREEZEFRESH WATERGHGGLOBAL EMISSIONSGLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITYGLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALGOLDGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS SINKSGREENHOUSE GASESGREENHOUSE GASSESGROUND CARBONHFCSHUMAN ACTIVITIESHUMAN ACTIVITYHYDROFLUOROCARBONSINCOMEINDUSTRIAL GASESINSURANCEINSURANCE COSTSINTERNATIONAL EMISSION TRADINGIPCCIRONLAND AREALAND DEGRADATIONLAND MANAGEMENTLAND PRODUCTIVITYLAND USELAND USE CHANGELAND-USE CHANGELANDFILLLIVESTOCK ACTIVITIESLOGGINGMARGINAL ABATEMENTMARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTMETHANEMETHANE EMISSIONSN2ONATURAL RESOURCESNITROUS OXIDENITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONSNUTRIENTSOIL REFINERIESORGANIC CARBONORGANIC MATERIALORGANIC MATTERORGANIC SOILSORGANIC WASTESOZONEOZONE LAYERPASTURESPENALTIESPERFLUOROCARBONSPFCSPLANTATIONSPOLICY DECISIONSPOLICY ENVIRONMENTPOLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLICY MAKERSPOLLUTIONPORTFOLIOPOSITIVE EXTERNALITIESPOWER GENERATIONPRESERVATIONPRODUCTION COSTSPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPROPERTY RIGHTSRANGESREDUCING EMISSIONSREGULATORY SETTINGSRENEWABLE ENERGYRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESOURCE USERESTORATIONRESTORATION PROJECTSRISK MANAGEMENTRIVERSALINITYSCENARIOSSECONDARY MARKETSSF6SOIL CARBONSPILLOVER EFFECTSSTREAMSULFURSULFUR HEXAFLUORIDESUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTECHNOLOGY TRANSFERSTERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMSTOTAL EMISSIONSTOTAL OFFSETSTRADABLE CARBONTRADABLE PERMITSTRADEOFFSTRANSACTION COSTSTRANSACTIONS COSTSUNCERTAINTIESUSE OF OFFSETSVEGETATIVE COVERWATERSHEDWETLANDWETLANDSWINDWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6080