Mitra, Pradeep2012-05-252012-05-252008978-0-8213-7538-9https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6475Since the fall of the Berlin Wall the transition countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have witnessed dramatic changes in outputs, the nature of jobs, standards of living, patterns of trade and the quality of education and health services. Yet, during much of this period, institutions that shape firm behavior and outcomes, most notably the business environment, have been converging toward those in developed market economies. The countries that acceded to the European Union in 2004 are the furthest advanced in this process. The countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) are followers but are some distance behind. The six regional flagship studies produced by the Europe and Central Asia Region of the World Bank during the last five years, of which this volume is a synthesis and culmination, attest to this evolution from their particular perspectives. Those studies have covered productivity growth, the enhancement of job opportunities, trade and integration, migration and remittances, poverty and inequality and the challenges posed by aging populations. All the reports in this series offer specific policy recommendations that are intended to help the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union promote economic growth and foster higher living standards in the rapidly changing world in which they are undertaking the transition to a market economy.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGAGRICULTUREAVERAGE PRODUCTIVITYAVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBANKSBENCHMARKBENCHMARKINGBENCHMARKSBETWEEN-FIRM EFFECTBETWEEN-FIRM EFFECTSBUYERBUYERSCENTRAL PLANNINGCOMMAND ECONOMYCOMMODITYCOMPETITIVE MARKETSCOMPETITIVE PRESSURECOMPETITIVENESSCONTRIBUTIONCONTRIBUTIONSDIRECT INVESTMENTDISPLACED WORKERSDISPOSABLE INCOMEDOMESTIC MARKETDOMESTIC PRODUCERSECONOMIC ACTIVITIESECONOMIC BOOMECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC MOBILITYECONOMIC RECOVERYEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT GENERATIONEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT PROSPECTSEMPLOYMENT RATEEMPLOYMENT RATESEMPLOYMENT REPORTEMPLOYMENT STATUSEXCESS SUPPLYEXPORTSFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL DATAFINANCIAL SECTORFINANCIAL SECTORSFINANCIAL SYSTEMFINDING EMPLOYMENTFIRM ENTRYFIRM PRODUCTIVITYFIRM SIZEFIRM SIZE DISTRIBUTIONFIRM TURNOVERFOREIGN COMPETITIONFREE TRADEFUTURE GROWTHGDPGDP PER CAPITAGNPGROSS NATIONAL PRODUCTGROWTH RATEHARD BUDGET CONSTRAINTSHEALTH SERVICESHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURESHOUSEHOLD SAVINGHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN RESOURCESINCOMEINCOME TAXINCOMESINCREASE IN INCOMEINDUSTRIALIZATIONINFLATIONINFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONINNOVATIONSINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONINTERNATIONAL TRADEJOB CREATIONJOB DESTRUCTIONJOB DESTRUCTION RATEJOB SKILLJOB SKILLSJOB TRAININGJOB VACANCYJOBSLABOR COSTSLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET NEEDSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKET REFORMLABOR MARKETSLABOR MIGRATIONLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHLABOR SUPPLYLABOURLARGE FIRMSLENDERSLIFELONG LEARNINGLIQUIDITYLIVING STANDARDSLONG-TERM CARELOW EMPLOYMENTLOW INCOMELOW-INCOMELOWER INCOMEMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIESMARKET ECONOMIESMARKET ECONOMYMARKETINGMIGRANT LABORMONOPOLYNATURAL RESOURCESNET EMPLOYMENTNEW ENTRANTSOCCUPATIONSON-THE-JOB TRAININGOPEN UNEMPLOYMENTOUTPUTSPATENTSPENSIONPENSION REFORMPENSION REFORMSPENSIONSPER CAPITA INCOMESPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPRIVATE FIRMSPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE TRANSFERSPROBABILITYPRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIESPRODUCTIVITY GAINSPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTSPRODUCTIVITY LEVELSPROSPERITYPUBLIC SAVINGSPURCHASING POWERREAL WAGEREAL WAGESRECESSIONREGULATORY POLICYRETAINED EARNINGSRETIREMENTRETIREMENT AGERETIREMENT AGESRETRAINING PROGRAMSSAFETYSAFETY NETSAFETY NETSSAVINGSSELF-EMPLOYMENTSERVICE SECTORSERVICE SECTORSSEVERANCE PAYMENTSSKILL REQUIREMENTSSKILLED WORKERSSMALLER FIRMSSOCIAL COSTSSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SAFETY NETSSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONSSTOCKSSUBSIDIARYSURVIVAL RATESTELECOMMUNICATIONSTELEPHONE SERVICESTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHTOTAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHTRADE POLICYTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSPORTUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED POORUNSKILLED LABORVALUE ADDEDWAGEWAGE EMPLOYMENTWAGE GAINSWAGE GROWTHWAGE INCREASESWAGESWESTERN EUROPEWITHIN-FIRM EFFECTWITHIN-FIRM PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHWORKERWORKING ADULTSWORKING AGEWORKING AGE POPULATIONWORKING POORWORLD TRADEWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7538-9