Carriquiry, Miguel A.Du, XiaodongTimilsina, Govinda R.2012-03-192012-03-192010-08-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3891Recent increases in production of crop-based (or first-generation) biofuels have engendered increasing concerns over potential conflicts with food supplies and land protection, as well as disputes over greenhouse gas reductions. This has heightened a sense of urgency around the development of biofuels produced from non-food biomass (second-generation biofuels). This study reviews the economic potential and environmental implications of production of second-generation biofuels from a variety of various feedstocks. Although second-generation biofuels could significantly contribute to the future energy supply mix, cost is a major barrier to increasing commercial production in the near to medium term. Depending on various factors, the cost of second-generation (cellulosic) ethanol can be two to three times as high as the current price of gasoline on an energy equivalent basis. The cost of biodiesel produced from microalgae, a prospective feedstock, is many times higher than the current price of diesel. Policy instruments for increasing biofuels use, such as fiscal incentives, should be based on the relative merits of different types of biofuels.CC BY 3.0 IGOACIDAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIESAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL RESIDUEAGRICULTURAL RESIDUESAIRAIR QUALITYALFALFAALGAL BIOMASSALGAL PHYSIOLOGYALTERNATIVE ENERGYANIMAL FEEDANNUAL CROPSAPPROACHASHAVAILABILITYBARLEYBARRELS PER DAYBIO-DIESELBIODIESELBIOENERGYBIOFUELBIOFUEL PRODUCTIONBIOFUELSBIOFUELS INDUSTRYBIOFUELS PRODUCTIONBIOFUELS TECHNOLOGYBIOLOGICAL PROCESSESBIOMASSBIOMASS ENERGYBIOMASS ENERGY PRODUCTIONBIOMASS FEEDSTOCKBIOMASS FEEDSTOCKSBIOMASS FOR ENERGYBIOMASS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTIONBIOMASS MATERIALSBIOMASS PROCESSINGBIOMASS PRODUCTIONBIOMASS PRODUCTIVITYBIOMASS YIELDBIRDSCALCULATIONCARBOHYDRATESCARBONCARBON BALANCECARBON DEBTCARBON IN SOILSCARBON REDUCTIONCELLULOSECELLULOSIC ETHANOLCELLULOSIC ETHANOL PRODUCTIONCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKSCHEMICAL COMPOSITIONCHEMICALSCLEAN WATERCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCOCO2COMMERCIALIZATIONCOMMODITYCONSERVE SOILCONVERSION EFFICIENCYCONVERSION FACILITYCONVERSION PROCESSCORNCORN COBSCORN ETHANOLCORN STOVERCROPCROP PRODUCTIONCROP RESIDUECROP RESIDUESCROP YIELDSCRUDE OILCULTIVATIONDEFORESTATIONDEGRADED AREASDIESELDRY BIOMASSELECTRICITYEMISSIONEMISSION INCREASESEMISSION REDUCTIONSENERGY BALANCEENERGY CROPENERGY CROPSENERGY DEMANDENERGY FROM BIOMASSENERGY MIXENERGY OUTLOOKENERGY PRICESENERGY PROJECTSENERGY SECURITYENERGY SOURCESENERGY SUPPLYENERGY TECHNOLOGYENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENZYMATIC HYDROLYSISENZYMESESTERSETHANOLETHANOL GASOLINEETHANOL INDUSTRYETHANOL PLANTETHANOL PLANTSETHANOL PRODUCTIONETHANOL YIELDFAOFEEDSTOCKFEEDSTOCK COSTFEEDSTOCK COSTSFEEDSTOCK DEMANDFEEDSTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMFEEDSTOCK HANDLINGFEEDSTOCK PRICESFEEDSTOCKSFERMENTATIONFLUE GASFOOD CROPSFOOD PRODUCTIONFORAGE CROPSFORESTFOREST PRODUCTSFOREST RESIDUESFOREST THINNINGFORESTRYFORESTRY PRODUCTIONFORESTSFOSSILFOSSIL DIESELFOSSIL ENERGYFOSSIL FUELSFUELFUEL ETHANOLFUEL PRODUCTIONFUEL WOODGENERATIONGHGGLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLYGRAINGRAIN CROPSGRAINSGRASSESGRAZINGGREASEGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONSGREENHOUSE GASESHARVESTINGHAYHEATHEAT EXCHANGERSHEMICELLULOSEHYBRID POPLARHYBRID SYSTEMHYBRID SYSTEMSJATROPHALAND USELAND USE CHANGELIGNINLIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASSLIPIDSLIQUID FUELSMAIZEMARGINAL LANDSMETHANOLMICROALGAENATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESNEGATIVE IMPACTNITROGENNUTRIENT MANAGEMENTOILOIL CRISISOIL EQUIVALENTOIL EXTRACTIONOIL PRICEOIL PRICESOIL YIELDOIL YIELDSOILSOILSEEDSORGANIC MATTERPESTICIDESPETROLEUMPHOTOSYNTHETIC ENERGY CAPTUREPLANT BIOMASSPOTENTIAL YIELDSPOWERPOWER PLANTPRICE OF GASOLINEPRICE VOLATILITYPRODUCEPRODUCTION COSTPRODUCTION COSTSPRODUCTION METHODSPRODUCTION OF BIOMASSPRODUCTION OF ETHANOLPRODUCTION SYSTEMSPYROLYSISRAINRAINFALLRAPESEEDRAPESEED OILRAPESEEDSRAW BIOMASSRAW MATERIALSRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE FUELRENEWABLE FUELSRESIDUE FEEDSTOCKSRICE HUSKSRICE STRAWRURAL AREASSOIL TYPESOLAR ENERGYSORGHUMSOURCE OF FUELSOYBEAN OILSOYBEANSSPOT MARKETSSPRINGSTEAM TURBINESUGARSUGARCANESUGARCANE BAGASSESUGARCANE ETHANOLSUGARSSUPPLY CURVETAX CREDITTAX INCENTIVESTEMPERATURETILLAGETRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORTATION FUELSTREE SPECIESTREESUNEPUNIT OPERATIONSUTILITIESVEGETABLE OILVEGETABLE OILSVEHICLESWASTE PRODUCTSWHEATWHOLESALE PRICESWILDLIFE HABITATWINDWINTER WHEATWOOD PROCESSINGWOOD PROCESSING MILL RESIDUESWORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTIONWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5406