Parry, Ian W.H.Timilsina, Govinda R.2012-06-292012-06-292012-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9339Economically efficient prices for the passenger transportation system in the Greater Cairo Metropolitan Area would account for broader societal costs of traffic congestion and accidents, and local and global pollution. A $2.20 per gallon gasoline tax (2006 US$) would be economically efficient, compared with the current subsidy of $1.20 per gallon. Removal of the existing subsidy alone would achieve about three-quarters of the net benefits from subsidy elimination and the tax. Per-mile tolls could target congestion and accident externalities more efficiently than fuel taxes, although they are not practical at present. A combination of $0.80 per gallon gasoline tax to address pollution (versus $2.20 without tolls), and $0.12 and $0.19 tolls per vehicle mile on automobiles and microbuses, respectively, to address traffic congestion and accident externalities (versus $0.22 without fuel taxes) would be most efficient. Current public bus and rail subsidies are relatively close to efficient levels in the absence of such policies; however, if automobile and microbus externalities were fully addressed through more efficient pricing, optimal subsides to public transit would be smaller than current levels.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS ROADSACCIDENT COSTSACCIDENT EXTERNALITIESACCIDENT RISKACCIDENTSAIRAIR POLLUTIONATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONSAUTO TRAVELAUTO TRIPSAUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILE CONGESTIONAUTOMOBILE COSTSAUTOMOBILE EMISSIONSAUTOMOBILE EXTERNALITIESAUTOMOBILE MILEAGEAUTOMOBILE MILESAUTOMOBILESAVERAGE DAILY TRIPSAVERAGE PASSENGERAVERAGE TRAVEL TIMEAVERAGE TRIP LENGTHAVERAGE VEHICLE OCCUPANCYBUSBUS FAREBUS MILEAGEBUS PASSENGERBUS SERVICEBUS TRAVELBUSESCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCARCAR OWNERSHIPCARBON CONTENTCARBON DIOXIDECARSCLIMATE CHANGECONGESTION ACCIDENTSCONGESTION COSTSCONGESTION PRICINGCONGESTION TOLLSCOST OF CONGESTIONCOST OF TRAFFICCOSTS PER VEHICLECYCLISTSDEMAND ELASTICITYDEMAND FOR AUTOMOBILE FUELDEMAND FOR TRAVELDIESELDIESEL FUELDIESEL VEHICLESDRIVERSDRIVINGECONOMIES OF SCALEEFFECTS OF FUEL PRICEELASTICITIES OF ROAD TRAFFICEMISSIONEMISSION RATESEMISSIONSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYEXCESS REVENUESEXCISE TAXEXTERNALITIESFARE REVENUESFARE SUBSIDIESFARE SYSTEMSFATAL INJURYFATALITIESFATALITYFATALITY RISKFATALITY RISKSFIXED COSTSFLEETSFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL COSTSFUEL ECONOMYFUEL EFFICIENCYFUEL PRICEFUEL PRICESFUEL PRODUCTIONFUEL SAVINGSFUEL SUBSIDIESFUEL TAXFUEL TAXESFUEL USEFUELSGASOLINEGASOLINE PRICEGASOLINE PRICESGASOLINE TAXGASOLINE TAXESGASOLINE USEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSHIGH FUEL CONSUMPTIONINFRASTRUCTURE COSTSINJURYINJURY RISKINSPECTIONINTERNATIONAL FUEL TAXLIGHT RAILLIGHT RAIL TRANSITLOCAL AIR POLLUTIONMARGINAL CONGESTION COSTMARGINAL EXTERNAL COSTSMASS TRANSITMETHANEMILEAGEMILEAGE DATAMILES PER CAPITAMODAL SHARESMOTOR VEHICLEMOTOR VEHICLE TRAVELMOTORISTSPASSENGER OCCUPANCYPASSENGER TRANSPORTPASSENGER TRAVELPASSENGER-MILEPASSENGERSPEAK TRAVELPEDESTRIANPEDESTRIANSPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION COSTSPOLLUTION DAMAGEPOLLUTION DAMAGESPOLLUTION EMISSIONSPOLLUTION EXTERNALITIESPOPULATION DENSITYPRICE CHANGEPRICE ELASTICITIESPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPRICE OF FUELPUBLIC ROADSPUBLIC TRANSITPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONRAILRAIL FARESRAIL NETWORKRAIL PASSENGERRAIL ROUTESRAIL SUBSIDIESRAIL SYSTEMRAIL SYSTEMSRAIL TRAVELRAPID TRANSITREDUCTION IN FUEL USEROADROAD ACCIDENTSROAD CONGESTIONROAD EXPANSIONROAD NETWORKROAD PRICINGROAD SPACEROAD TRAFFICROAD TRANSPORTROAD USERSROAD VEHICLESROADWAYROADWAY CAPACITYRUNWAYSUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTTAXES ON GASOLINETAXISTOLLTOLLSTRAFFICTRAFFIC ACCIDENTSTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC CONGESTION PROBLEMSTRAFFIC ENGINEERINGTRAFFIC GROWTHTRAFFIC LEVELSTRAFFIC VOLUMETRAINSTRAMTRANSIT AGENCIESTRANSIT AGENCYTRANSIT FARETRANSIT FARESTRANSIT STOPSTRANSIT SUBSIDIESTRANSIT SYSTEMTRANSIT SYSTEMSTRANSIT TRIPSTRANSIT VEHICLESTRANSPORT AUTHORITYTRANSPORT ECONOMICSTRANSPORT EXTERNALITIESTRANSPORT MODESTRANSPORT PRICINGTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SYSTEMTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION AUTHORITYTRANSPORTATION NETWORKTRANSPORTATION PRICINGTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSTRAVEL DEMANDTRAVEL MODETRAVEL MODESTRAVEL OPTIONSTRAVEL SPEEDTRAVEL TIMETRAVEL TIME COSTTRIPUNDERGROUNDURBAN PASSENGERURBAN ROADURBAN TRANSITURBAN TRANSPORTATIONURBAN TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICSVEHICLEVEHICLE COLLISIONSVEHICLE CRASHESVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE MILEAGEVEHICLE MILESVEHICLE OCCUPANCIESVEHICLE OCCUPANCYVEHICLE OCCUPANTSVEHICLE OWNERSHIPVEHICLE SPEEDVEHICLE TRAFFICVEHICLE TYPESVEHICLE USEVEHICLE USERSVEHICLE-MILEVEHICLESWALKINGWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6083