World Bank2012-06-142012-06-142008-12https://hdl.handle.net/10986/8024After many decades of stagnation, Kenyan economy started to grow from the early-2000s. Much of this growth has been attributed to total factor productivity improvements in Kenyan economy arising out of many factors. A large share of this growth originated in urban areas, in the service and manufacturing sectors. These gains also paralleled reduction in poverty and higher enrolment in primary education. Yet, it has been argued that Kenyan cities, especially Nairobi, are not realizing their potential to contribute to economic growth and poverty reduction. Rapid urbanization has left Kenyan cities with huge backlogs in critical infrastructure and basic services, resulting in sprawling, overcrowded and impoverished informal settlements. The management of these cities has been dogged by fragmentation in responsibilities, lack of accountability at the local level, and weak capacities of key institutions. Within 20 years or so, the majority of the Kenyan population are expected be living in urban areas. This scale of urbanization will pose further socio-economic, environmental and institutional challenges for Kenyan cities. The Government's vision 2030 has highlighted rapid urbanization as one of four key challenges for the country alongside income inequality, unemployment and low savings. Despite their notable demographic and economic weights of urban centers in Kenya, there is no single study that gives a comprehensive overview of the urban landscape in Kenya. The objective of this sector work is to fill that gap by documenting and analyzing the situation in Kenya's five largest urban centers. The study aims to provide data and analysis regarding the state of these cities to help inform the evolving urban agenda in Kenya and to provide inputs into the preparation of the Kenya Municipal Program (KMP).CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO ELECTRICITYADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMAIR POLLUTIONANTI-CORRUPTIONAUTHORIZATIONBRIBERYBUREAUCRACYBUSINESS CLIMATEBUSINESS ENTERPRISESBUSINESS PERMITBUSINESS SERVICESCENTRAL AGENCIESCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCENTRALIZATIONCITIESCITIES ALLIANCECITIZENCITIZENSCITY COUNCILSCITY DEVELOPMENTCITY GOVERNMENTSCITY MANAGEMENTCITY RESIDENTSCIVIL SOCIETYCIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONSCOALITIONSCONSENSUSCONSTITUENCYCONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTSCONSTITUTIONALISMCOOPERATIVE HOUSINGCRIMEDECENTRALIZATIONDEVOLUTIONDISTRICTSDYSFUNCTIONAL GOVERNANCEECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC PERFORMANCEEMERGENCY POWERSENACTMENTENFORCEABILITYEXECUTIONEXPENDITUREFINANCIAL HEALTHFINANCIAL MANAGEMENTFISCAL ACCOUNTABILITYFISCAL MANAGEMENTFOREIGN EXCHANGEFORMAL EMPLOYMENTGOOD GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE REFORMSGOVERNMENT AUTHORITYGOVERNMENT FINANCEGOVERNMENT MINISTRIESGOVERNMENT POLICYGOVERNMENT REVENUESGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONGROWTH RATEGROWTH RATESHEAD OF STATEHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCEHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTINCOMEINCOME GROWTHINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTINEQUALITYINFANT MORTALITYINFORMAL HOUSINGINFORMAL SECTORINFORMAL SETTLEMENTSINSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTSINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYINSTITUTIONAL CHANGEINSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENTINSTITUTIONAL REFORMSINTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONSINTERNATIONAL AGENCIESJUDICIARYLACK OF ACCOUNTABILITYLACK OF OWNERSHIPLAND REFORMLAND USELARGE CITIESLEGISLATURELEVELS OF GOVERNMENTLOCAL ADMINISTRATIONSLOCAL AUTHORITIESLOCAL AUTHORITYLOCAL GOVERNANCELOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONSLOCAL GOVERNMENTSLOCAL LEVELLOCAL OFFICIALSMACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENTMINISTRY OF FINANCEMUNICIPAL COUNCILSMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTSNATIONAL INCOMENATIONAL LEVELNATIONSNATURAL RESOURCESPARLIAMENTPARTICIPATORY PLANNINGPER CAPITA INCOMEPOLITICAL COMPETITIONPOLITICAL CRISISPOLITICAL DEBATEPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL FORCESPOLITICAL INSTABILITYPOLITICAL INTERFERENCEPOLITICAL LEADERSPOLITICAL LEADERSHIPPOLITICAL PARTIESPOLITICAL POWERPOLITICAL STABILITYPOLITICAL UNCERTAINTYPOLITICIANSPOOR PERFORMANCEPRESIDENCYPRESIDENTIAL POWERSPRESIDENTSPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIME MINISTERPUBLICPUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITYPUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONPUBLIC AGENCIESPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC INSTITUTIONSPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC INVESTMENTSPUBLIC OFFICIALSPUBLIC POLICIESPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSPUBLIC PROCUREMENTPUBLIC PROCUREMENT ACTPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERYPUBLIC UTILITIESQUALITY OF LIFEQUALITY OF URBAN LIFEREFERENDUMREFUGEESREGULATORY FRAMEWORKREPRESENTATIVESRESOURCE ALLOCATIONREVENUE COLLECTIONREVOLUTIONSANITATION FACILITIESSECURITY OF TENURESENATESERVICE CHARGESERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE PROVIDERSSEWERAGESLUM AREASSLUM DWELLERSSLUM RESIDENTSSLUM SETTLEMENTSSLUM UPGRADINGSLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMSLUMSSOCIAL CAPITALSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL INDICATORSSOLID WASTESOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTSTAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATIONSTAKEHOLDER WORKSHOPSSTAKEHOLDERSTAX REVENUESTENURE SECURITYTOURISMTOURISTSTRANSPARENCYUNEMPLOYMENTURBAN AREASURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN ECONOMYURBAN GOVERNANCEURBAN GROWTHURBAN INFRASTRUCTUREURBAN INVESTMENTURBAN MANAGEMENTURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN POORURBAN POPULATIONURBAN POPULATION GROWTHURBAN POPULATIONSURBAN POVERTYURBAN RESIDENTSURBAN ROADSURBAN SECTORURBAN SERVICESURBAN SPRAWLURBAN TRANSITIONURBAN TRANSPORTURBAN UNEMPLOYMENTURBANIZATIONUTILITIESUTILITY COMPANIESWASTE COLLECTIONWATER SERVICESYOUNG PEOPLEWorld Bank10.1596/8024