Wunder, SvenSunderlin, William D.2013-12-192013-12-192004-01-01World Bank Research Observerdoi:10.1093/wbro/lkh018https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16409This article focuses mainly on the five primary case study countries. For forest impacts, the concentration is on forest conversion to other land uses and deforestation, defined as a (temporary or permanent) removal of trees to less than 10 percent crown cover, which is similar to the Food and Agricultural Organization's (FAO's) definition. Selective logging is thus not deforestation but may degrade forests and enable conversion. All of the case study countries are tropical countries that export oil, a choice made for two reasons. First, the macroeconomic 'laboratory' of oil exporters offers a good opportunity to study links between external economic changes and forests. Oil economies often fluctuate dramatically due to heavy reliance on a single export commodity with unstable world market prices. Second, earlier studies provide support for the hypotheses that on average oil- and mineral-exporting tropical countries have more forests left and lose them at a slower rate than non-mineral-exporting countries. The article briefly reviews hypotheses and methodologies and outlines the deforestation data problems and how they were dealt with. It presents empirical results for the five primary case study countries and takes a closer look at three of the key causal linkages in the model. It then examines the role of different policy instruments and finally discusses policy insights that extend beyond the oil exporting countries.en-USCC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGOABANDONED AGRICULTURAL LANDSABSORPTIONAGGREGATE DEMANDAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL LANDSAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL SYSTEMSAGRICULTUREAMAZON FORESTANNUAL DEFORESTATIONARMED CONFLICTBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY LOSSBREEDINGBROADLEAF FORESTSBURNINGCANOPYCANOPY COVERCASH CROPSCATTLECATTLE RAISINGCENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCHCHANGES IN LAND USECLIMATECOMPOSTINGCONCESSION POLICIESCONSERVATION AGENCIESCONSERVATION ATLASCONSERVATION OBJECTIVESCONSERVATION POLICIESCONSERVATION POLICYCONSERVATION STRATEGIESCONSTRUCTION BOOMCONSUMPTION PATTERNSCONVERGENCECOPPERCULTIVATED AREACULTIVATIONCULTURAL CHANGEDEBTDEFORESTATIONDEFORESTATION DEFORESTATIONDEFORESTATION ESTIMATESDEFORESTATION PRESSURESDEFORESTATION PROCESSESDEFORESTATION RATEDEFORESTATION RATESDEMAND FOR LANDDEMAND FOR TIMBERDETERMINANTSDIVISION OF LABORDRY FORESTECOLOGICAL CONDITIONSECOLOGYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC MODELSECONOMIC RENTSECONOMICSELASTICITIESELEPHANTSENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL ASSETSENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATIONENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVESENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMESENVIRONMENTAL PRESSUREEQUILIBRIUMEROSIONFIREWOODFOOD CROPSFOOD PRODUCTIONFORESTFOREST AREASFOREST CFOREST CHANGEFOREST CLEARINGFOREST CONSERVATIONFOREST CONVERSIONFOREST COVERFOREST COVER CHANGEFOREST COVERAGEFOREST DATAFOREST DECLINEFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST DESTRUCTIONFOREST ECOLOGYFOREST EXTRACTIONFOREST FRAGMENTSFOREST INVENTORIESFOREST LOSSFOREST PLOTSFOREST PROTECTIONFOREST REGROWTHFOREST REHABILITATIONFOREST RESOURCEFOREST RESOURCE ASSESSMENTFOREST RESOURCESFOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENTFOREST STATISTICSFOREST STOCKFOREST ZONEFORESTRYFORESTRY CONCESSIONFORESTRY SECTORFORESTSGASGLOBAL DEFORESTATIONGLOBAL FORESTGLOBAL FOREST RESOURCESGLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENTGOLDGORILLASHARMHIGHLANDSILLEGAL LOGGINGINTENSIVE LAND USELABOR COSTSLAND CLEARINGLAND CONVERSIONLAND ECONOMICSLAND EXPANSIONLAND TENURELAND USELAND USESLAND-COVERLAND-USELAND-USE CHANGELAND-USE DATALAND-USE PATTERNSLANDSCAPELIVESTOCKLOCAL LANDOWNERSLOGGINGLOGGING COMPANIESLOGGING CONCESSIONSLOSS OF FORESTSMANGROVESMARKET PRICESMINERAL EXPLORATIONMINERAL PRODUCTIONNATIONAL FOREST AREANATIONAL INCOMENATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESNEGATIVE IMPACTSNITROGENOILOIL INDUSTRYOIL PRODUCTIONOVERGRAZINGPASTUREPASTURESPOLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLLUTIONPOPULATION GROWTHPPPRODUCERSPROTEINSPURCHASING POWERRAINRAIN FORESTRAINFORESTREGIONAL FORESTREMOTE SENSING DATARICE PRODUCTIONROAD BUILDINGROAD CONSTRUCTIONROADSSAFETY NETSATELLITE IMAGERYSPECIESSTOCK VARIATIONSSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTSUPPLIERSSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSWEET POTATOESTIMBERTIMBER DEMANDTIMBER EXTRACTIONTIMBER PRODUCTIONTRADEOFFSTREETREESTROPICAL COUNTRIESTROPICAL DEFORESTATIONTROPICAL FORESTTROPICAL FOREST AREATROPICAL FOREST CONSERVATIONTROPICAL FOREST COVERTROPICAL FORESTSURBAN AREASURBAN CENTERSURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN MARKETSURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN SPRAWLVEGETATIONVEGETATION COVERVILLAGESWAGESWOODWOOD PRODUCTSJournal ArticleWorld Bank10.1596/16409