Tremolet, SophieEvans, Barbara2017-08-152017-08-152010-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/27820Sanitation services are beneficial for communities at large. They generate strong positive health and environmental benefits to society ('externalities'). Public financing is an important way to stimulate the provision of these services, but there are serious issues with the way public subsidies for sanitation have been delivered up to now. Recent estimates show that the sanitation millennium development goals (MDGs) will simply not be met in a number of countries if 'business-as-usual' continues. The study looks at how such Output-Based Aid (OBA) schemes might be designed by analyzing the sanitation value-chain, and what institutional, financing and risk mitigation measures would be required for each type of OBA scheme. Questions discussed include 'what' outputs should be subsidized and 'who' are the most likely candidates to provide output-based sanitation services.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO SANITATIONACCESS TO WATERACCESSIBILITYACCESSIBILITY CRITERIAAQUACULTUREAQUIFERBASIC SANITATIONBENEFITS OF SANITATIONBIOGASBIOMASSBLOCK GRANTBUSBUS STOPSCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCARTAGECOMMUNITY SANITATIONCOMMUNITY TOILETCOMMUNITY TOILETSCONNECTIONCONNECTION COSTSCONNECTION FEESCONNECTIONSCONVENTIONAL SEWERAGEDEMAND FOR SANITATIONDRAINAGEDRIVINGEFFICIENT OPERATIONEFFLUENTSELECTRICITYENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIESEXTENSION WORKERSEXTERNALITIESFECESFINANCIAL RISKSFUELHOUSEHOLD SANITATIONHUMAN EXCRETAHYGIENEINADEQUATE SANITATIONINFORMAL SETTLEMENTSINFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTSINSPECTIONLATRINE CONSTRUCTIONLATRINESLEAKAGELOCAL WATERMANHOLESMONTHLY PAYMENTSNATIONAL WATERNATIONAL WATER SUPPLYNUMBER OF CONNECTIONSNUTRIENTSPATHOGENSPIPESPIT LATRINEPIT LATRINESPITSPUBLIC FACILITIESPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC SUBSIDIESPUBLIC TOILETPUBLIC TOILETSPUBLIC UTILITYQUALITY OF WATERQUANTITIES OF WATERRAILWAYRAILWAY STATIONSROADRUBBISHRURAL SANITATIONSAFE DISPOSALSAFE DRINKINGSAFE DRINKING WATERSANITATIONSANITATION ACCESSSANITATION ACTIVITIESSANITATION COVERAGESANITATION FACILITIESSANITATION FACILITYSANITATION INFRASTRUCTURESANITATION INTERVENTIONSSANITATION MARKETSANITATION PROGRAMSANITATION PROGRAMSSANITATION PROJECTSSANITATION SCHEMESSANITATION SECTORSANITATION SERVICESANITATION SERVICESSANITATION SOLUTIONSSANITATION SYSTEMSANITATION SYSTEMSSANITATION TAXSCHOOL SANITATIONSEPTIC TANKSSEWAGESEWAGE COLLECTIONSEWAGE TREATMENTSEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTSEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTSSEWER CONNECTIONSEWER NETWORKSSEWERAGESEWERAGE CONNECTIONSSEWERAGE NETWORKSSEWERAGE SERVICESSEWERAGE SYSTEMSSEWERAGE TARIFFSEWERAGE TARIFFSSEWERSSITE SANITATIONSLUDGESMALL-SCALE SERVICE PROVIDERSSOLID WASTETARIFF REFORMTOILETTOILET BLOCKSTOILET FACILITIESTOTAL SANITATIONTRANSFER STATIONSTRANSPORTTRANSPORT COSTSTREATMENT FACILITIESTREATMENT PLANTURBAN AREAURBAN AREASURBAN HOUSINGURBAN SANITATIONURBAN SETTLEMENTSURBAN SLUMSUSE OF WATERUSERSUTILITIESVEHICLEVOLUMES OF WASTEWATERWASTEWASTE STREAMSWASTESWASTEWATER REUSEWASTEWATER TREATMENTWASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIESWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTSWATER AGENCYWATER QUALITYWATER RESOURCESWATER SERVICEWATER SUPPLIESWATER SUPPLYWATER UTILITIESWATER UTILITYWELLSWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/27820