Huhtala, Ari2014-08-192014-08-192010-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/19469Cities and the people who live in them account for more than 80 percent of the world's total greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, more than 80 percent of the overall annual global costs of adaptation to climate change are estimated to be borne by urban areas. This issues brief looks at potential financing opportunities and costs of mitigation and adaptation in the urban context. Wide-ranging potential sources for finance for climate action are described, and suggestions are made for more effective responses to climate investment challenges in cities.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABATEMENTAIRAIR CONDITIONINGALLOCATIONASSET MANAGEMENTBANK LOANBENEFICIARIESBENEFICIARYBIOGASBIOMASSBLACK CARBONBLACK CARBON EMISSIONSBONDBOND ISSUANCEBOND ISSUERSBONDSBUSCAPACITY BUILDINGCAPITAL MARKETSCARCARBON DIOXIDECARBON EMISSIONCARBON FINANCECARBON MARKETCARBON TECHNOLOGIESCATASTROPHE BONDCERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONSCITY BUSESCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN TECHNOLOGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE INSURANCECLIMATE RESILIENCECLIMATE-CHANGECOCONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONSCREDIT ENHANCEMENTSCREDIT GUARANTEESCREDIT STRENGTHDAMAGESDEBTDEBT SERVICEDEFORESTATIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT BANKDEVELOPMENT BANKSDEVELOPMENT FINANCEDISASTER INSURANCEDRAINAGEECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIES IN TRANSITIONELECTRICITYEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSIONS BASELINEEMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATIONEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSENABLING ENVIRONMENTENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURESENERGY SOURCESENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIESEQUITY INVESTMENTSEXTREME EVENTSFEASIBILITYFINANCIAL FLOWSFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFINANCIAL RESOURCESFINANCIAL SUPPORTFLOODSFORESTFOREST CARBONFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST INVESTMENTFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFUELSGHGGHGSGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITYGLOBAL WARMINGGRANT FUNDINGGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGUARANTEE PRODUCTSHURRICANESIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEINCOMEINCOME LEVELSINCREMENTAL COSTSINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTSINSTRUMENTINSURANCEINSURANCE COSTSINSURANCE COVERAGEINSURANCE PREMIUMINSURANCE PREMIUMSINSURANCE PRODUCTSINSURANCE SCHEMESINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL CAPITALINTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL FINANCEINTERNATIONAL STANDARDINVESTINGINVESTMENT FUNDSINVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCYLAND DEVELOPMENTLAND USELANDFILLSLARGE CITIESLENDERSLIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASLIQUIDITYLLCLOCAL GOVERNMENTSLOW-CARBONMARKET MECHANISMSMASS TRANSITMDBMETHANEMOBILITYMUNICIPALITIESNATURAL DISASTERNATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL RESOURCESPARTIAL CREDITPARTIAL RISKPEDESTRIANPEDESTRIAN COMFORTPLEDGESPOPULATION GROWTHPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE LENDERSPUBLIC FINANCEPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC TRANSPORTRAINFALLRAPID TRANSITRENEWABLE ENERGYRESERVERESERVE FUNDRETURNRISK ASSESSMENTSRISK MANAGEMENTRISK SHARINGROADROAD MAINTENANCESETTLEMENTSHAREHOLDERSMALL BUSINESSESSTORMSSWAPSTAXTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETRADINGTRADING SYSTEMTRANSACTIONTRANSACTION COSTSTRANSIT SYSTEMTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION POLICYTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMTREASURYTRUST FUNDTRUST FUNDSURBAN FORESTRYURBAN GROWTHURBAN SERVICESURBAN SPRAWLURBAN SYSTEMSURBAN TRANSPORTURBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMURBANIZATIONWATER SUPPLYWEATHER CONDITIONSWINDWIND STORMS10.1596/19469