Estache, AntonioIanchovichina, ElenaBacon, RobertSalamon, Ilhem2013-01-312013-01-312013-01-17978-0-8213-9665-0https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12237The state of national labor markets has always been a concern for governments and development agencies such as the World Bank. Key labor market indicators, such as the rate of unemployment, send signals about the health of an economy and mirror citizens' attitudes. Being gainfully employed is an important aspect of an individual's well-being both financially and socially, as 'initial failures in finding a job can lead to persistent joblessness, a loss of interest in further schooling, delayed family formation, mental distress, and negative manifestations of citizenship' (World Bank 2007). Increased expenditure on infrastructure projects has a short-run effect on employment creation as more workers are hired to build infrastructure. These jobs last only during the investment phase of the project, and, without a continuous injection as in a stimulus-type program, such jobs will be temporary. However, the investment program will have created a larger stock of infrastructure capital and this permanent addition facilitates additional growth in the economy. The extra demand from this incremental growth creates more jobs, and these tend to be permanent. Furthermore, an employment experience in an infrastructure-related employment program, even if temporary, might improve the chance of being re-employed at a later date. This study capitalizes on the World Bank's long-standing knowledge on infrastructure, employment, and growth and applies it to the case of MENA to assess the employment creation potential of infrastructure investment.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGAIRAIR TRANSPORTAVERAGE WAGEBALANCED BUDGETSBASIC INFRASTRUCTUREBASIC SERVICESBRIDGEBRIDGE CONSTRUCTIONBUSINESS ENVIRONMENTCLIMATE CHANGECOST-BENEFITCREATING JOBSDEADWEIGHTDEADWEIGHT LOSSDEBTDEMAND FOR WATERDEPRECIATIONDISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENT EFFECTSDISTRIBUTION OF WATERDRIVERSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTELASTICITIESELASTICITYEMPLOYABILITYEMPLOYEEEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT EFFECTEMPLOYMENT EFFECTSEMPLOYMENT GENERATIONEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT IMPACTEMPLOYMENT LEVELSEMPLOYMENT MULTIPLIEREMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMEMPLOYMENT PROSPECTSEMPLOYMENT SHAREEMPLOYMENT SITUATIONEMPLOYMENT SUBSIDIESEXPANSIONFACTORINGFEMALE LABORFEMALE LABOR FORCEFUELFUEL PRICESHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTHIGHWAYHIGHWAY DESIGNHIGHWAY PROJECTSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSINGINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTINFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTSINFRASTRUCTURE SERVICESINSURANCEINVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTUREINVESTMENT SPENDINGJOB CREATIONJOB SKILLSLABOR COSTSLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR INTENSITYLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET INDICATORSLABOR MARKETSLABOR-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGIESLABOR-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGYLABOURLAND TRANSPORTLONG-RUN EMPLOYMENTLONG-TERM EMPLOYMENTMANUFACTURERSMUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENTNATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURENEW ENTRANTSO&MOPERATING SURPLUSPAYROLL TAXESPOPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION WITH ACCESSPRIVATE FINANCINGPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCTIVITYPROPERTY TAXESPUBLIC WORKSPUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSRAILRAIL LINESROADROAD MAINTENANCEROAD NETWORKROAD QUALITYROADSSANITATIONSANITATION SYSTEMSSAVINGSSAVINGS RATESSCHOOLSSEWAGESHORT-TERM JOB CREATIONSKILL GROUPSKILLED WORKERSSOCIAL SERVICESSUBSIDIZED EMPLOYMENTSUBSIDIZED EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSTAXTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTRAFFICTRAINING PROGRAMSTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSPORTTRANSPORT ACTIVITIESTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT SECTORUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSUNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEMUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNSUBSIDIZED JOBSURBAN AREASURBAN POPULATIONURBAN SANITATIONURBAN WATERURBANIZATIONUTILITIESWAGE RATEWAGE RATESWAGESWASTEWASTE WATERWASTE WATER TREATMENTWASTEWATER TREATMENTWATER SECTORWATER SERVICESWATER SUPPLYWATER TREATMENT PLANTSWATER WORKSWORKERSWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-9665-0