Schady, NorbertFilmer, DeonFriedman, Jed2012-06-042012-06-042008-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6995A family preference for sons over daughters may manifest itself in different ways, including higher mortality, worse health status, or lower educational attainment among girls. This study focuses on one measure of son preference in the developing world, namely the likelihood of continued childbearing given the gender composition of existing children in the family. The authors use an unusually large data set, covering 65 countries and approximately 5 million births. The analysis shows that son preference is apparent in many regions of the developing world and is particularly large in South Asia and in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region. Modernization does not appear to reduce son preference. For example, in South Asia son preference is larger for women with more education and is increasing over time. The explanation for these patterns appears to be that latent son preference in childbearing is more likely to manifest itself when fertility levels are low. As a result of son preference, girls tend to grow up with significantly more siblings than boys do, which may have implications for their wellbeing if there are quantity-quality trade-offs that result in fewer material and emotional resources allocated to children in larger families.CC BY 3.0 IGOADOLESCENCEBIRTH COHORTBIRTH ORDERBIRTH SPACINGBULLETINCHILD HEALTHCHILD MORTALITYCHILD NUTRITIONCHILDBEARINGCHINESE POPULATIONCONSEQUENCES OF FERTILITYCONTRACEPTIVE USECULTURAL CHANGEDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT OF BOYSDISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENECONOMIC CHANGEECONOMIC RESOURCESEDUCATED MOTHERSEDUCATED WOMENEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTENROLLMENTEQUAL TREATMENTEXCESS MORTALITYFAMILY BACKGROUNDFAMILY COMPOSITIONFAMILY PREFERENCEFAMILY SIZEFAMILY SIZESFEMALEFEMALE CHILDRENFEMALE EDUCATIONFERTILITYFERTILITY BEHAVIORFERTILITY DECLINEFERTILITY LEVELSFERTILITY PREFERENCESFERTILITY RATESGENDERGENDER BALANCEGENDER COMPOSITIONGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DISCRIMINATIONGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUALITY IN RIGHTSGENDER PREFERENCEGENDER PREFERENCESGENDERSHEALTH CAREHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESIMMUNIZATIONINEQUALITYINHERITANCEINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNINGINTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVESJUSTICELABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLARGER FAMILIESLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFETIME FERTILITYLIVING STANDARDSMODERNIZATIONMORTALITYMORTALITY DIFFERENTIALSMOTHERNUMBER OF BIRTHSNUMBER OF CHILDRENNUMBER OF GIRLSNUMBER OF WOMENNUTRITIONNUTRITIONAL STATUSOLD-AGEPARITYPLACE OF RESIDENCEPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOORER WOMENPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENTPOPULATION ESTIMATESPOPULATION STUDIESPREFERENCE FOR SONSPREGNANCYPREGNANCY STATUSPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPROGRESSPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SERVICESREADINGREPRODUCTIVE HEALTHRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESSCHOOLINGSECOND BIRTHSSEXSEX BIASSEX PREFERENCESEX PREFERENCESSEX RATIOSEX RATIOSSON PREFERENCESOUTH ASIANSUB-SAHARAN AFRICATRINIDAD AND TOBAGOURBAN AREASURBANIZATIONWILLWOMANWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4716