World Bank2015-04-142015-04-142010https://hdl.handle.net/10986/21748The scope of this report is twofold. First, it documents skills gaps and mismatches and attempts to understand the reasons for them. Second, it provides a framework for thinking about skills development, drawing on international best practices, with the intent of stimulating further discussion. Given the breadth of the task, in this report we narrow the focus on a particular segment of the labor force: unskilled youth. There are several reasons sustaining this choice. First, unskilled youth, most of whom are out of school and have little chance to integrate themselves into the labor market, represent a significant share of the labor force that will remain active for the next 30 or 40 years. If nothing is done, out-of school youth will benefit at best only marginally from growth, and may even become an obstacle to sustaining growth in the long term. Second, the current educational system still faces a strong challenge in retaining students, and unskilled youth are likely to remain high on the agenda in the next decade or even longer. Finally, in the past decade, training programs designed specifically for out-of-school youth have begun to emerge around the developing world, in particular in Latin America, and recent evaluations suggest that they can be effective in increasing productivity and the chance of finding employment. Nevertheless, many of the findings of this report extend to overall skills development in Cambodia. In particular, the report points to significant market failures preventing both firms and training providers from offering quality training at all levels, as well as the need to develop certification and accreditation systems that are valued and recognized by employers and span all levels of education. The report proceeds in four chapters. The first covers demographic trends and the labor market. The second looks at skills gaps and mismatches. The third reviews existing training providers. The concluding chapter considers policy options in going forward.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCREDITATIONACCREDITATION COMMITTEEACCREDITATION SYSTEMSADULTSAGE GROUPAPPROPRIATE TEACHINGAVERAGE WAGEBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC SKILLSCAREERCAREERSCARPENTERSCERTIFICATION SYSTEMCLASSROOMCOMPUTER LITERACYCREATING JOBSCREATIVE THINKINGCURRICULACURRICULUMCURRICULUM DESIGNCURRICULUM DEVELOPMENTDECISION MAKINGDESIGNING CURRICULADISADVANTAGED YOUTHDRIVERSDROPOUT RATESEDUCATED PEOPLEEDUCATION CURRICULUMEDUCATION PROVIDERSEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION SECTOR DEVELOPMENTEDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTSEDUCATIONAL OUTCOMESEDUCATIONAL SYSTEMELECTRICIANSEMPLOYABILITYEMPLOYMENT GENERATIONEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESEMPLOYMENT STATUSENROLLMENT RATESENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAININGFINDING EMPLOYMENTFOREIGN LANGUAGESFORMAL EDUCATIONFORMAL TRAINING PROGRAMSGENERAL EDUCATIONGIRLSGLOBAL COMPETITIVENESSGLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS REPORTGRADUATES WITH SKILLSHIGH DROPOUTHIGH SCHOOLHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCEHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESINFORMAL SECTORINFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINTERVENTIONSJOB CREATIONJOBSLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET DYNAMICSLABOR MARKET INDICATORSLABOR MARKET REGULATIONLABOR MARKETSLABOR MOVEMENTSLABOR TURNOVERLABORERSLABOURLEADERSHIPLEARNINGLEARNING CENTERSLEARNING MATERIALSLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVEL OF SKILLLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFE SKILLSLITERATURELOW UNEMPLOYMENTLOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATEMANPOWERMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONNET ENROLLMENTNEW ENTRANTSNON-FORMAL TRAININGNONFORMAL TRAININGNUMBER OF STUDENTSNUMBER OF STUDENTS PER TEACHERON-THE-JOB TRAININGOUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHSPARTICIPATION RATESPAYING JOBSPERFORMANCE INDICATORSPHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTUREPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIVATE PROVIDERSPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE TRAININGPRIVATE TRAINING PROVIDERSPROBLEM SOLVINGPROBLEM-SOLVING ABILITYPROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLSPRODUCTION PROCESSESPRODUCTIVE WORKPRODUCTIVITY GAINSPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPRODUCTIVITY INCREASEPSEPUBLIC INSTITUTIONSPUBLIC SCHOOLSPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC TRAININGQUALIFIED TEACHERSQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY TRAININGREAL WAGESREGIONAL TRAININGREPETITION RATESRESEARCH INSTITUTERETURNS TO EDUCATIONRURAL AREASRURAL POPULATIONSCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMSCHOOL ENROLLMENTSCHOOL STATUSSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSERVICES CATEGORYSHORTAGE OF TEXTBOOKSSKILL LEVELSSKILLED LABOR FORCESKILLED WORKERSSKILLED WORKFORCESKILLS DEVELOPMENTSKILLS TRAININGSMALL BUSINESSESSPORTSSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSTUDENT-TEACHER RATIOSTEACHERTEACHER TRAININGTEACHER-STUDENT RATIOTEACHINGTEACHING MATERIALSTEACHING METHODSTECHNICAL EDUCATIONTECHNICAL SKILLSTECHNICAL TRAININGTERTIARY EDUCATIONTEXTBOOKSTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTRAINED LABOR FORCETRAINED WORKERSTRAINEESTRAINING CENTERTRAINING CENTERSTRAINING COURSESTRAINING CURRICULATRAINING FACILITIESTRAINING FIRMSTRAINING INSTITUTESTRAINING NEEDSTRAINING POLICYTRAINING PROGRAMTRAINING PROGRAMSTRAINING PROVIDERSTRAINING SYSTEMTRAINING UNITSUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY DEGREEUNIVERSITY GRADUATESUNPAID FAMILY WORKERSUNSKILLED LABORUNSKILLED WORKERUNSKILLED WORKERSVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL TRAININGWAGE DISTRIBUTIONWAGE GROWTHWAGE PREMIUMWAGE PREMIUMSWAGE RATEWORK EXPERIENCEWORKERSYOUNG PEOPLEYOUNG WORKERYOUNG WORKERSYOUTHYOUTH LABORYOUTH PARTICIPATIONYOUTH RATESYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATEYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATESWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/21748