De Hoyos, Rafael E.Bussolo, MaurizioBussolo, MaurizioDe Hoyos, Rafael E.2013-04-242013-04-242009978-0-8213-7762-8https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13264This report is on the findings of a major international research project examining the links between trade, gender, and poverty. Trade liberalization can create economic opportunities, but women and men cannot take advantage of these opportunities on an equal basis. Women and men differ in their endowments, control over resources, access to labor markets, and their roles within the household. It may seem obvious that gender differences play an important role in transmitting the effects of trade expansion to poverty, especially in less developed countries, where gender inequality is usually more pronounced. Although the literature includes numerous analyses on the links between trade and poverty and between gender inequality and poverty, it seems not to have combined these two sets of studies in a consistent empirical framework. The main objective for the research project documented in this book was to fill, at least in part, this gap in the literature. This report describes the simplest conceptual framework that can be used to analyze the linkages between trade and poverty through gender. It includes two parts. The first, based on standard international trade models, considers the linkages between trade and gender. The second, based mainly on the microeconomic models of household behavior, deals with the linkages between gender and poverty.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOaccess to creditaccess to marketsaccess to resourcesAccountingAdult populationadvisersAgricultural EconomicsAgricultural OutputAgricultural ProductionAgricultural Tradeagricultureallocation of resourcesBank OfficeBargainingBargaining Powerbarriers to entryBulletinCapital Accumulationcapital investmentcash cropcash cropscomparative advantageconsumer price indexconsumerscontrol over resourcesCultural Changedecision makingDevaluationDeveloping CountriesDevelopment EconomicsDevelopment Policydiminishing returnsdiscriminationdisplacementdisseminationdivision of laborEarningseconometricseconomic activityEconomic Analysiseconomic developmentEconomic Growtheconomic implicationseconomic opportunitieseconomic policiesEconomic PolicyEconomic Researcheconomic structureEconomic theoryEconomics Researcheducated womeneducation spendingefficient outcomesElasticityemployersemployment creationemployment opportunitiesendowmentsEquilibriumequilibrium theoryExpenditureexpendituresexport cropExport Cropsexport earningsExportsexternal shockexternal shocksFamiliesfamily laborfarmersfemale employmentFemale Laborfemale mortalityfemale populationFemale Workersfemininityfinancial liberalizationfinancial servicesforeign direct investmentformal educationFree Tradefull employmentfuture growthfuture researchGDPGENDERgender aspectGENDER ASPECTSgender biasesgender differencesgender discriminationGender DisparitiesGender Disparities in EducationGender EqualityGender gapsGender inequalitiesgender inequalitygender issuesgender normsgender relationsGeneral EquilibriumGeneral Equilibrium ModelsGlobal Developmentgross national productHousehold Incomehousehold levelhousehold sizehousehold surveyshousehold welfarehousehold workHuman CapitalhusbandsIDSimperfect substitutesincome levelsinnovationinsuranceInternational BankInternational Food Policy Research Instituteinternational tradeinvestment in educationlabor forcelabor marketlabor market discriminationlabor marketslabor mobilitylabor standardslabor supplylaborersLabourLabour Marketland rightslegal statusless developed countriesLevel of Povertylimited accessMacroeconomic Policiesmacroeconomic policymacroeconomic stabilizationMacroeconomicsmarket economyMarket LiberalizationmigrantsMinistry of EducationMultiplier Effectmultiplier effectsmultipliersnatural resourcesnutritionoccupationsopportunities for womenoptimizationparticipation of womenper capita incomeper capita incomesperfect competitionpolicy changePolicy Implicationspolicy makersPolicy ResearchPolicy Research Working PaperPolitical Economypoor householdspoor peoplePopulation and Developmentpopulation growthpoverty alleviationpoverty reductionPoverty Reduction Strategyprice increasesprimary schoolprivatizationproduct marketsproductivityprogressproperty rightspurchasing powerpurchasing power parityrate of growthregression analysesrespectrising demandrural areassavingssecondary schoolSexSex RatiosSex roleskilled workerssmall farmsmall farmsSocial normssocial policiesSocial Sciencessocial servicesSources of IncomeSpousespousessurvival ratetrade deficitTrade LiberalizationTrade Policiestrade policytrade reformsunemploymentunemployment benefitsUnionunskilled laborunskilled workersurban areasUrban Workersutility functionutility functionsvalue addedwagesWealthworkforceworking conditionsWorld Trade OrganizationWTOyoung populationsWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7762-8