World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192011978-0-8213-8439-8https://hdl.handle.net/10986/4389The 2011 World development report looks across disciplines and experiences drawn from around the world to offer some ideas and practical recommendations on how to move beyond conflict and fragility and secure development. The key messages are important for all countries-low, middle, and high income-as well as for regional and global institutions: first, institutional legitimacy is the key to stability. When state institutions do not adequately protect citizens, guard against corruption, or provide access to justice; when markets do not provide job opportunities; or when communities have lost social cohesion-the likelihood of violent conflict increases. Second, investing in citizen security, justice, and jobs is essential to reducing violence. But there are major structural gaps in our collective capabilities to support these areas. Third, confronting this challenge effectively means that institutions need to change. International agencies and partners from other countries must adapt procedures so they can respond with agility and speed, a longer-term perspective, and greater staying power. Fourth, need to adopt a layered approach. Some problems can be addressed at the country level, but others need to be addressed at a regional level, such as developing markets that integrate insecure areas and pooling resources for building capacity Fifth, in adopting these approaches, need to be aware that the global landscape is changing. Regional institutions and middle income countries are playing a larger role. This means should pay more attention to south-south and south-north exchanges, and to the recent transition experiences of middle income countries.L’édition 2011 du Rapport sur le développement dans le monde examine l’évolution de la violence en ce début de XXIe siècle où plus de 1,5 milliard d’êtres humains vivent dans des pays touchés par un conflit. Au siècle dernier, les conflits violents avaient pris avant tout la forme de guerres interétatiques et de guerres civiles ; aujourd’hui, la violence liée aux conflits locaux, à la répression politique et à la criminalité organisée est plus prononcée. Le Rapport souligne les répercussions négatives des conflits prolongés sur les perspectives de développement des pays et des régions et relève qu’aucun État à faible revenu touché par un conflit n’a encore atteint un seul des objectifs de développement pour le Millénaire. Le Rapport sur le développement dans le monde 2011 s’inspire de l’expérience des pays qui sont parvenus à donner la priorité à des mesures permettant de créer un climat de confiance entre l’État et les citoyens et à mettre en place des institutions capables d’assurer la sécurité, la justice et l’emploi. Les capacités des pouvoirs publics sont un élément essentiel de cette problématique, mais les compétences techniques ne suffisent pas : pour être légitimes, les institutions et les responsables des programmes doivent rendre des comptes aux citoyens. L’impunité, la corruption et les atteintes aux droits de l’homme empêchent l’instauration de rapports de confiance entre l’État et les citoyens et accroissent les risques de violence. Le message fondamental du Rapport est le suivant : il est crucial de renforcer la gouvernance et les institutions légitimes pour assurer la sécurité des citoyens, la justice et l’emploi et rompre ainsi l’enchaînement des cycles de violence.CC BY 3.0 IGOAGGLOMERATION BENEFITSAGGLOMERATION ECONOMIESAGRICULTUREAIRAIR FREIGHTAIRCRAFTAIRPORTSARTERIESBARRIERBASIC EDUCATIONBIG CITIESBUYERSCARSCATALYSTSCENTRAL PLANNINGCLIMATE CHANGECOMMON MARKETCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGYCOMMUTERSCOMPETITIVENESSCONCENTRATION OF POPULATIONCONGESTIONCONSUMPTION LEVELSCONTRIBUTIONSCOPYRIGHT CLEARANCECOPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTERCROSSINGCURRENCYDECENTRALIZATIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT POLICIESDIRECT ACCESSDISPOSABLE INCOMEDISSEMINATIONDOMESTIC MARKETSDRINKING WATERDRIVERSDYNAMIC ECONOMIESDYNAMIC ECONOMYEARNINGSECONOMIC ACTIVITIESECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC CONCENTRATIONECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GEOGRAPHYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC IMBALANCEECONOMIC INTEGRATIONECONOMIC OPPORTUNITYECONOMIC PROGRESSECONOMIC PROSPERITYECONOMIC RESEARCHECONOMIES OF SCALEEMISSIONSEXCHANGE RATESEXPORTSFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN MARKETSFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AGREEMENTFREIGHT COSTSGDPGDP PER CAPITAGLOBAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGLOBAL MARKETGLOBAL MARKETSGLOBALIZATIONGNPGOVERNMENT POLICIESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS NATIONAL INCOMEHIGHWAYHIGHWAYSHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTHUMAN SETTLEMENTSILLITERACYIMMIGRATIONIMPORTANT POLICYINCOMEINCOME DISPARITIESINCOME LEVELSINCOME TAXINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTINDUSTRIALIZATIONINEFFICIENCYINFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTSINTERNAL MIGRANTSINTERNATIONAL BORDERSINTERNATIONAL CAPITALINTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWSINTERNATIONAL MIGRANTSINTERNATIONAL TRADEJOURNEYKIDSLARGE CITIESLEGAL STATUSLEVEL OF DEVELOPMENTLIFE EXPECTANCYLIFETIMELITERACY RATESLIVING STANDARDLIVING STANDARDSLOCAL ECONOMYLOW INCOMELOW INCOMESLOW-INCOMELOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMALARIAMARKET ACCESSMARKET CONDITIONSMERCANTILISMMIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIESMIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIESMIGRANTSMIGRATIONMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMOBILE PHONEMOBILITYMORTALITYMOVEMENTS OF PEOPLENATIONAL INCOMENATIONAL LEVELSNEIGHBORHOODSNUTRITIONPACE OF URBANIZATIONPER CAPITA INCOMESPERSISTENT POVERTYPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY FRAMEWORKPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESPONSEPOOR NATIONSPOOR PEOPLEPOPULATION DENSITIESPOPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION GROWTHPORTFOLIOPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPREFERENTIAL ACCESSPRIMARY HEALTH CAREPROFIT MARGINSPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SERVICESPURCHASING POWERRAILWAYRAILWAYSRAPID GROWTHREGIONAL AGREEMENTSREGIONAL COOPERATIONREGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL TRADEREMOTE AREASRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRICHER COUNTRIESROADROADSRURAL AREASSANITATIONSENIORSHARE OF CAPITALSLUM DWELLERSSMALL COUNTRYSOCIAL POLICIESSPEEDSSTREETSSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTAX SYSTEMTAXATIONTELECOMMUNICATIONSTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTRADESTRAINSTRANSPORTTRANSPORT CORRIDORSTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT POLICIESTRANSPORT TECHNOLOGYTRIPTRUEUNDERLYING PROBLEMUNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATIONURBAN AGGLOMERATIONSURBAN AREASURBAN POPULATIONURBAN POPULATION GROWTHURBAN SETTLEMENTSURBANIZATIONURBANIZED COUNTRIESVALUABLEWAGESWARWEALTHWORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORSWORLD MARKETSWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWORTHWTOWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-8439-8