Lanjouw, Peter F.Dang, Hai-Anh H.2014-06-302014-06-302014-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18831Little research currently exists on a vulnerability line that distinguishes the poor population from the population that is not poor but that still faces significant risk of falling back into poverty. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing vulnerability lines that can be straightforwardly estimated with panel or cross-sectional household survey data, in rich- and poor-country settings. These vulnerability lines offer a means to broaden traditional poverty analysis and can also assist with the identification of the middle class or resilient population groups. Empirical illustrations are provided using panel data from the United States (Panel Study of Income Dynamics) and Vietnam (Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey) for the period 2004-2008 and cross-sectional data from India (National Sample Survey) for the period 2004-2009. The estimation results indicate that in Vietnam and India during this time period, the population living in poverty and the middle class have been falling and expanding, respectively, while the opposite has been occurring in the United States.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABUSECALORIE INTAKECHRONIC POVERTYCHRONICALLY POORCLASS LINESCONSUMPTION GROWTHCROSS-SECTION DATACROSS-SECTIONAL DATACUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONDAILY INCOMEDATA SETSDECREASING FUNCTIONDEMOCRACYDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING WORLDDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT OUTCOMESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISEASESEARNINGS INEQUALITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC FACTORSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INEQUALITYECONOMIC STATUSEMPIRICAL APPLICATIONEMPIRICAL ISSUEENVIRONMENTAL CHANGEFOOD INSECURITYFOOD SECURITYFUNCTIONAL FORMGEOGRAPHIC REGIONSHEALTH INSURANCEHIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONHOUSEHOLD COMPOSITIONHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD HEADSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDSHOUSEHOLD SIZEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHUMAN DEVELOPMENTINCOMEINCOME DATAINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME DYNAMICSINCOME GROUPSINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME LEVELINCOME LEVELSINCOMESINEQUALITYLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLOGARITHMIC SCALELOW-INCOME COUNTRIESLOW-INCOME COUNTRYMACROECONOMIC CONDITIONSMEASUREMENT ERRORSMEASUREMENT OF POVERTYMEASURING POVERTYMIDDLE CLASSMIDDLE CLASS CONSENSUSNATIONAL POVERTYNATIONAL POVERTY LINENATIONAL POVERTY LINESNATIONAL POVERTY RATENEGATIVE CORRELATIONNEW POORNORMAL DISTRIBUTIONNUMBER OF CHILDRENPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOORPOOR COUNTRIESPOOR HOUSEHOLDPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR POPULATIONPOPULATION GROUPSPOVERTY ANALYSISPOVERTY ASSESSMENTPOVERTY DYNAMICSPOVERTY LEVELPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY LINESPOVERTY MEASUREMENTPOVERTY MEASURESPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPROGRESSPUBLIC ATTENTIONPUBLIC ECONOMICSPUBLIC TRANSFERSPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYQUALITY CONTROLRICHER COUNTRIESRISING CONSUMPTIONRISING INEQUALITYRISK SHARINGRURALRURAL AREASSCHOOLINGSECONDARY EDUCATIONSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL COHESIONSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL RESEARCHSOCIAL SECURITYTARGETINGVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTVULNERABILITY TO POVERTYWARWELFARE MEASURES10.1596/1813-9450-6944