World Bank2014-12-182014-12-182014-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/20804Bhutan has recently made significant progress in sustaining economic growth and reducing poverty. In 2012, average per capita household income was somewhat under USD 2,400/year (Living Standards Measurement Surveys 2012). Growth has averaged around 9 percent per annum over the past decade and is expected to be on the order of 8 percent per annum over the next five years. According to the 2012 Bhutan Poverty Analysis, 12 percent of the population are what is known as consumption poor , half the number as compared to 2007. Furthermore, extreme poverty defined as less than $1.25/day in PPP terms has fallen to only 2 percent of the total population. Bhutan has virtually eliminated extreme poverty within the living memory of one generation. Bhutan s population remains rural to a significant extent. According to a 2005 population census, 69 percent of the population lived in rural areas. And there remain significant income differences between urban and rural areas; average per capita household income in rural areas is estimated to be 28,000 Nu against 80,000 Nu in urban areas. There is, though, significant ongoing migration to population centers in search of increased opportunities. The 2005 urban population share of 31 percent of total population represents a substantial increase from only 5 percent in 1995.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONACCESSIBILITYACTION PLANAGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGROCHEMICALSAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYAIR QUALITY MANAGEMENTAIR QUALITY STANDARDSAIR TRANSPORTALUMINUMATMOSPHEREBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBAMBOOBENEFIT SHARINGBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBIODIVERSITY PROTECTIONBIOGASBUSCAPITAL INVESTMENTCARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON NEUTRALCARBON NEUTRALITYCARBON SEQUESTRATIONCARBON STORAGECATCHMENT AREACHEMICALSCHICKENCLEAN AIRCLEAN ENERGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECO2COALCOLORSCOMBUSTIONCOMMON PROPERTYCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPOSTINGCOPPERCROP RESIDUESDEBTDECISION MAKINGDEFORESTATIONDESERTIFICATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDIESELDOMESTIC CONSUMPTIONDRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER QUALITYDRIVINGDROUGHTDRY SEASONDUSTECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GOODSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INSTRUMENTSECONOMIC RENTSECONOMIC VALUEECONOMICSECONOMISTSECOSYSTEMELECTRICITYELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONELEPHANTEMISSIONEMISSIONSEMISSIONS PERFORMANCEENERGY CONSUMPTIONENFORCEMENT OF REGULATIONSENTITLEMENTSENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCEENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYEXPENDITURESEXPLOITATIONFARMSFATSFERTILIZERSFISHFISHERIESFLOODSFOOD PRODUCTIONFORESTFOREST AREAFOREST CARBONFOREST CARBON SEQUESTRATIONFOREST COVERFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST ECOSYSTEMSFOREST FIREFOREST FIRESFOREST INVENTORIESFOREST LANDSFOREST MANAGEMENTFOREST POLICYFOREST PRODUCTIVITYFOREST PRODUCTSFOREST RESOURCESFOREST TYPEFOREST TYPESFORESTRYFORESTRY SECTORFORESTSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFUELFUEL QUALITYGASESGHGGLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITYGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGROSS EARNINGSHAZARDOUS WASTEHIGH TRANSPORTATIONHOUSEHOLD FUELSHYDROLOGYINCINERATIONINDUSTRIAL EMISSIONSINDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADINGINFRASTRUCTURESINSPECTIONLABOR FORCELAKELAKESLAND DEGRADATIONLAND USELANDFILLLANDFILLSLIVESTOCKLOGGINGMANGANESEMARKET PRICESMETALSMETHANEMIGRATIONMINESMOTOR VEHICLESNATIONAL ACCOUNTINGNATIONAL FOREST POLICYNATIONAL INCOMENATIONAL PARKNATURAL CAPITALNATURAL FORESTSNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESNEGATIVE IMPACTSNITRATESNITROGENNUTRIENTSOILOILSOPEN BURNINGPARTICLESPARTICULATEPASTURESPESTICIDESPETPLANTPOLICY ENVIRONMENTPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION DAMAGESPOLLUTION PROBLEMSPOPULATION CENSUSPOPULATION DENSITIESPOPULATION DENSITYPPPRECIPITATIONPRESENT VALUEPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPROPERTY TAXESPUBLIC GOODPUBLIC TRANSITPUBLIC TRANSPORTQUALITY ASSESSMENTQUALITY STANDARDSRAINRAINFALLRAPID TRANSITREBATESRECYCLABLE MATERIALSRECYCLINGRESERVE FORESTSRESERVESRESOURCE USERIVER BASINSROADROAD CONSTRUCTIONROAD SAFETYROAD TRANSPORTROADSRURAL COMMUNITIESSEASONAL VARIABILITYSILICONSINKSMALL HYDROPOWERSMOKESOIL DEGRADATIONSTREAM FLOWSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE FORESTSUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENTSUSTAINABLE FORESTRYSUSTAINABLE GROWTHSUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTSUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCESUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE USESUSTAINABLE USETAXTEMPERATURETIMBERTIRESTOTAL EMISSIONSTOURISMTRADEOFFSTRAFFICTRANSITTRANSPORTTRANSPORT AUTHORITYTRANSPORT SERVICESTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION COSTSTRUEUNEMPLOYMENTVEHICLEVEHICLE OWNERSHIPVEHICLESWASTE MANAGEMENTWATER POLLUTIONWATERSHEDWEALTHWILDLIFEWILDLIFE MANAGEMENTWIND10.1596/20804