World Bank2015-12-142015-12-142015-09-18https://hdl.handle.net/10986/23346This report takes an in-depth look at the development of jobs in the Kyrgyz Republic over the past decade to understand why the country has not realized better job outcomes. Drawing on evidence at the macro, household, and firm level, it examines key shortcomings in the current migration-led, remittance-driven development model that have weakened the country’s ability to create sufficient and high-quality employment opportunities and are likely to result in deteriorating job outcomes in the future. The report argues that several broad transformations will be needed to develop engines of growth in the Kyrgyz Republic outside remittances and shift to a better jobs path. The distortions and obstacles that currently prevent the expansion of private sector employment need to be unraveled; macroeconomic, regulatory, and logistical impediments to greater, more diversified export orientation need to be strategically addressed; the compensation of public employees must be reformed to reduce the level of corruption that discourages business growth; and the migration phenomenon, which will be a part of the employment mosaic for at least another decade, must be made to contribute to domestic employment creation and the country’s development.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOJOBSEMPLOYMENTAVERAGE LABOR COMPENSATIONHOUSEHOLD SURVEYEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESEXPORT MARKETSPRODUCTIVITY GROWTH RATESOUTSIDE EMPLOYMENTPRODUCTIVITY LEVELSNET JOB CREATIONMANUFACTURING WAGESAVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHSKILLED WORKERSINFORMAL SECTORYOUTH EMPLOYMENTSERVICE SECTOREMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESAGE GROUPTOTAL LABOR FORCELABOR FORCEPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC EMPLOYMENTJOBS CREATIONJOBPRIVATE SECTOR FIRMSAGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITYSERVANTSFIRM SURVIVALPAYING JOBSWAGE LEVELFIRM SIZEEDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONLABOR COMPENSATIONRETAIL TRADEREAL WAGESLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONCONTRACT LABOREMPLOYMENT SIZECOMPETITIVE PRESSUREEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESWAGE GROWTHJOB LOSSESDRIVERSMALE WORKERSPRODUCTION PROCESSSMALL BUSINESSDOMESTIC WORKERSHUMAN RESOURCELABOR MARKETURBAN EMPLOYMENTHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTSWAGE BILLFIRM EXITINFORMAL ECONOMYCONTRACT ENFORCEMENTPERFORMANCE INDICATORSECONOMIC MOBILITYFIRM LEVELDOMESTIC PRODUCERSWORKERADJUSTMENT COSTSLABOR PRODUCTIVITYENTRY RATEUNEMPLOYEDPRODUCTIVITY CONVERGENCEJOB LOSSHOUSEHOLD INCOMELABOR SHORTAGESLABORPRIMARY SCHOOLTOTAL EMPLOYMENTSUPPLEMENTARY EMPLOYMENTLABOR MOVEMENTLABOR REGULATIONURBAN WORKERSFEMALE LABORCOMPETITIVE PRESSURESUNEMPLOYMENTFIRM ENTRYAVERAGE WAGESPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHFORMAL SECTOR WORKERSHUMAN CAPITALAVERAGE EMPLOYMENT SIZEPRODUCTIVITY DIFFERENTIALWORKERSLABOR ADJUSTMENT COSTSYOUNG WORKERSPRIVATE SECTOR FIRMDOMESTIC MARKETSOWNERSHIP STRUCTUREUNEMPLOYMENT RATEREAL WAGELABOR DEMANDHIGH EMPLOYMENTAGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIESNET EMPLOYMENTSTATE-OWNED ENTERPRISESLABOR ADJUSTMENTLABOUR MARKETLABOR FORCE GROWTHOCCUPATIONAGGREGATE DEMANDRURAL POVERTYEMPLOYMENT STATUSPRODUCTIVE FIRMSFIRM PERFORMANCELABOR MARKET OUTCOMESEMPLOYMENT GROWTHJOB CREATIONRURAL WORKERSPRIVATE SECTORSECONDARY SCHOOLINGPRIVATE SECTOR JOBSUNEMPLOYED PERSONSMANAGEMENTLABOR ORGANIZATIONPRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITIONPUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENTTEMPORARY JOBSEMPLOYABILITYSURVIVAL RATESREALLOCATION EFFECTHUMAN RESOURCESCREATING JOBSFEMALE LABOR FORCEPRODUCT MARKETSEMPLOYEESEASONAL LABOREMPLOYMENT DYNAMICSLABOR SUPPLYHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTINFORMAL EMPLOYMENTPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRODUCTIVITY GAINSSUPPLIERSYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTFIRM GROWTHLABOURLABOR MARKETSPUBLIC SERVICELOW EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT PROSPECTSPRIVATE SECTORSEMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATEWAGE EMPLOYMENTSMALL BUSINESSESLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR MIGRATIONLABOR REALLOCATIONEMPLOYEESReportWorld Bank10.1596/23346