World Bank2014-02-112014-02-112013-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17001The Malagasy population has undergone a severe political and economic crisis since 2009, whose impact on children's enrollment is little documented. The stagnation of primary school enrollment in a context of sustained demographic growth points to a rapid deterioration in the access to basic education services. The objective of this study is thus to evaluate the effects of the current crisis on household education choices, to orient education policy decisions over the short and medium term. The study combines recent available qualitative and quantitative data, to propose a set of assumptions on the effects of the crisis and its impact channels on education. Short of being able to carry out a full impact analysis of the crisis, due to its national coverage, the following data and sources are analyzed in detail to better document its effects: 1) monetary and budget data; 2) education statistics from the Ministry of Education (MEN); 3) the last two household surveys (EPM), of 2005 and 2010; 4) a follow-up survey of the pupils, households and schools of the districts of Amboasary and Betioky in the south of Madagascar, carried out in 2012 on the basis of an original pre-crisis survey, of 2009; and 5) workshops with the main sector players. The conceptual framework approaches the determinants of household education choices and behavior from the perspective of education supply and demand. The crossed impact of supply and demand-side factors enables the identification of four channels of impact of the crisis on household education choices: direct and indirect education costs, household income and access to loans, the perceived return on investment in education and the opportunity costs of schooling. Finally, the effects of a certain number of pupil and household characteristics on school access are determined through econometric analyses that enable the evaluation of the relevance of each channel.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSENTEEISMACCESS TO CREDITACCESS TO EDUCATIONACCESS TO FORMAL CREDITACCESS TO LOANSADULTSAVAILABILITY OF TEXTBOOKSBANKRUPTCYBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC EDUCATION SERVICESCAPITAL INVESTMENTCLASSROOMCLASSROOM BUILDINGCLASSROOM CONSTRUCTIONCLASSROOMSCOMMUNITY TEACHERSCORRUPTIONCREDIT MARKETCREDIT MARKETSCURRICULACURRICULUMDEMAND FOR EDUCATIONDISADVANTAGED PUPILSDISPOSABLE INCOMEDONOR SUPPORTDROPOUT RATEECONOMIC ACTIVITIESECONOMIC CRISESECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC GROWTHEDUCATED WORKERSEDUCATION ACCESSEDUCATION DECISIONSEDUCATION EXPENDITUREEDUCATION INDICATORSEDUCATION LEVELEDUCATION OUTCOMESEDUCATION POLICYEDUCATION QUALITYEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION SPENDINGEDUCATION STATISTICSEDUCATION SYSTEMENROLLMENT LEVELSENROLLMENT RATEENROLLMENT RATE OF CHILDRENENROLLMENTSENROLMENT TRENDSEXAMEXCLUSIONEXCLUSION FROM SCHOOLEXTERNAL SHOCKFAMILIESFAMILY BUDGETGENDERGERGIRLSGROSS ENROLLMENT RATEGROSS ENROLLMENT RATESHEADMASTERSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD INVESTMENTSHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLDSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTINDEXESINFORMATION GAPINSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTIONAL TIMEINTERNATIONAL BANKINVESTMENT IN EDUCATIONINVESTMENTS IN EDUCATIONJUNIOR SECONDARYJUNIOR SECONDARY CYCLELABOR MARKETLEARNINGLEARNING MATERIALSLEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMES ASSESSMENTLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLIMITED ACCESSLIMITED ACCESS TO LOANSLIVING CONDITIONSLOANLOAN ACCESSLOAN ELIGIBILITYNATIONAL EDUCATIONNATIONAL EDUCATION MINISTRYNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSNUMBER OF PUPILSNUTRITIONNUTRITION STATUSNUTRITIONAL DEFICITSOUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDRENPARENT-TEACHER ASSOCIATIONPAYMENT OF TEACHERSPRIMARY CYCLEPRIMARY DROPOUT RATESPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY ENROLLMENTPRIMARY ENROLLMENT RATESPRIMARY GRADEPRIMARY GROSS ENROLLMENTPRIMARY LEVELPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOL AGEPRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENTPRIMARY SCHOOL-AGED CHILDRENPRIMARY SCHOOLSPRIMARY TEACHERSPRIVATE SCHOOLSPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC PRIMARY EDUCATIONPUBLIC SCHOOLPUBLIC SCHOOLSPUPIL SPENDINGPUPIL-TEACHER RATIOPUPIL-TEACHER RATIOSPUPILS PER TEACHERQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRECESSIONREGIONAL EDUCATIONREPEATERSREPETITIONREPETITION RATEREPETITION RATESRETURN ON INVESTMENTRURAL AREASRURAL GIRLSSAVINGSSCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOL CANTEENSSCHOOL DIRECTORSSCHOOL DROPOUTSCHOOL EQUIPMENTSCHOOL FEEDINGSCHOOL FEESSCHOOL MEALSSCHOOL STATISTICSSCHOOL SUPPLIESSCHOOL YEARSCHOOL YEARSSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSECONDARY SCHOOLSSPORTSTEACHER CHARACTERISTICSTEACHER RECRUITMENTTEACHER SALARIESTEACHER STRIKESTEACHER TRAINERSTEACHER TRAININGTEACHERS SALARIESTEACHINGTEXTBOOKTEXTBOOK AVAILABILITYTRAINING OF TEACHERSUNEMPLOYMENTUNIONUNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATIONURBAN AREASVILLAGEWAGE DIFFERENTIAL10.1596/17001