Verner, Dorte2013-06-252013-06-252004-07https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14164The states in the Brazilian Amazon have made progress in reducing poverty and improving social indicators in the last decade. Despite this progress, the poverty rate in the Amazon is among the highest in Brazil. As of 2000, rural poverty is the greatest challenge. In Par?, not only is the headcount poverty rate of 58.4 percent in rural areas more than 55 percent higher than headcount poverty in urban areas, but also poverty is much deeper in rural areas. The fall in infant mortality and adult illiteracy corroborate the improvement in measured income poverty. Census data from 2000 and 1991 reveal that more people left Par? than came to live in the state during the 1970s, the opposite of the 1980s. In 2000, the Gini coefficient for Par?, as in the Amazon as a whole, was 0.60. The poverty profile reveals that indigenous peoples experience a higher poverty incidence than other groups. Census 2000 data reveal that living in rural areas in Par? does not by itself affect the probability of being poor. Individual and household characteristics are more important than geographical location. The largest statistical differences in poverty reduction between rural and urban areas are found in the effect of education, sector of employment, gender, and family size. PNAD data from 2001 reveal that living in urban areas in Par? does not by itself affect the probability of falling below the poverty line in urban areas in Brazil. The strongest poverty correlates are education, experience, race, rural location, gender, and labor market association.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOPOVERTY REDUCTIONSOCIAL INDICATORSURBAN AREASINFANT MORTALITYILLITERACYINDIGENOUS PEOPLESHOUSEHOLDSRURAL AREASEMPLOYMENTGENDERHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSLABOR MARKETMETHODOLOGYINCOME INEQUALITYINFANT MORTALITYHUMAN DEVELOPMENT ABSOLUTE VALUEAGEDANALYTICAL WORKANNUAL RATEAVAILABLE DATACENSUS DATACLEAN WATERCOMMODITIESCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONDEFORESTATIONDEMOGRAPHICSDEPENDENCY RATIODEVELOPMENT INDICATORSECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC POLICIESELDERLY PEOPLEEMPLOYMENTEXCHANGE RATEEXTREME POVERTYFAMILIESFEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDSFISHFISHINGFOOD BASKETGINI COEFFICIENTGROWTH RATEHEADCOUNT POVERTYHEALTH CAREHIGH INFLATIONHOUSEHOLD ASSETSHOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSINGHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTILLITERACYIMPORTSIMPROVED HEALTHINCOME DATAINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME POVERTYINCREASED ACCESSINDIGENOUS GROUPSINFANT MORTALITYINFANTSINTEREST RATESIRONLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLAND REFORMLIVING CONDITIONSLOGGINGLONG RUNMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMACROECONOMIC STABILIZATIONMEAN INCOMEMEDICINESMICRO DATAMIGRANTSMIGRATIONMINIMUM WAGEMONETARY POLICIESMULTIVARIATE ANALYSESNATIONAL AVERAGENATIONAL POPULATIONNATURAL RESOURCESPER CAPITA INCOMEPOLICY REFORMSPOLICY RESEARCHPOOR PEOPLEPOPULATION GROWTHPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY GAPPOVERTY INDICATORSPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY PROFILEPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCINGPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPOVERTY TRENDSPRIMARY SCHOOLSPUBLIC EXPENDITURESPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC PROGRAMSPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC UTILITIESQUALITY OF LIFEREDUCED POVERTYREDUCING POVERTYRURAL AREASRURAL POVERTYSAFETYSAFETY NETSSAVINGSSERVICE DELIVERYSIGNIFICANT EFFECTSOCIAL EXCLUSIONSOCIAL INCLUSIONSOCIAL INDICATORSSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL WELFARESQUARED POVERTY GAPSTREAMSSUSTAINABLE POVERTYTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETIMBERURBAN AREASURBAN POPULATIONURBAN POVERTYVULNERABLE GROUPSWAGESWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-3357