Medlin, Carolde Walque, Damien2012-05-312012-05-312008-07https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6826A growing number of developing countries have introduced conditional cash transfer programs that provide money to poor families with certain contingencies attached - such as requiring school attendance or regular immunization and health check-ups. As the popularity of conditional cash transfer programs has grown, experimentation with potential applications in other areas of health, such as sexual and reproductive health, and HIV prevention, in particular, has also increased. Evaluations of conditional cash transfer programs have focused almost exclusively on uptake of health and educational services, which make relatively low demands of participants compared with more complex interventions, which require the cessation of risky behaviors, such as smoking, obesity, and substance abuse. The literature on contingency management - based on the principle that behavioral change occurs when appropriate behaviors are reinforced and rewarded - provides a richer picture of the complexity of the use of conditionality to encourage healthy behavioral change. This paper examines developing countries' experiences with conditional cash transfer programs and the results of trials in clinical settings on the efficacy of contingency management, and addresses their relevance for designing conditional cash transfer programs to address risky sexual behavior and promote the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa.CC BY 3.0 IGOABSTINENCEADDICTIONADHERENCE TO MEDICATIONSADOLESCENTADOLESCENT GIRLSAGEDAGGRESSIVEAIDS EPIDEMICAIDS ORPHANSAIDS PANDEMICAIDS PATIENTAIDS PREVENTIONAIDS VACCINEAIDS VIRUSALCOHOLALCOHOL ABUSEALCOHOL DEPENDENCEALCOHOL USEANAL SEXANTENATAL CAREANTIBIOTICSBABYBEHAVIOR CHANGEBEHAVIORAL CHANGEBEHAVIORAL CHANGESBIOLOGICAL MARKERSBIOLOGICAL OUTCOMESBIRTH RATESBLOOD SPECIMENBLOOD TESTSCHILD HEALTHCHLAMYDIACIRCUMCISIONCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYCLINICAL TRIALSCLINICSCOCAINECOMMERCIAL SEXCOMMERCIAL SEX WORKCONDOMCONDOM PROMOTIONCONDOM USECONDOMSCONTRACEPTIONCONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCECONTRACEPTIVE USECOST EFFECTIVENESSCOUNSELING INTERVENTIONDECISION MAKINGDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGYDIETSDISEASEDISEASE CONTROLDISEASE TRANSMISSIONDRUG ABUSEDRUGSECONOMIC OPPORTUNITYEDUCATIONAL SERVICESELDERLYFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERFAMILY PLANNINGFAMILY SIZEFERTILITYFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONSGLOBAL ACTIONGLOBAL AIDS EPIDEMICGLOBAL HEALTHGONORRHEAGROUP THERAPYHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE SERVICESHEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH EXPERTSHEALTH IMPACTHEALTH INTERVENTIONSHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH PLANNINGHEALTH POLICYHEALTH RISKSHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SYSTEMSHIVHIV INFECTIONHIV INFECTIONSHIV PREVENTIONHIV TESTINGHIV TRANSMISSIONHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTILLNESSIMMUNIZATIONINDIVIDUAL CHOICESINFECTION RATESINTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNINGINTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVESINTERVENTIONKIDSLATIN AMERICANMALE CIRCUMCISIONMASS COMMUNICATIONMETHADONEMETHADONE PATIENTSMOTHERMOTHER-TO-CHILDMOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSIONNEGATIVE HEALTH CONSEQUENCESNEW INFECTIONSNEWBORNSNUTRITIONAL STATUSNUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTSOBESITYOCCUPATIONAL MEDICINEOVERWEIGHTPATIENTPATIENT CAREPATIENTSPEER PRESSUREPILOT PROJECTSPOLICY GOALSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOOR FAMILIESPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR POPULATIONSPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENTPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY REDUCTIONPREGNANCIESPREGNANCYPREGNANT WOMENPREVALENCE RATESPREVENTION ACTIVITIESPREVENTION COUNSELINGPREVENTION EFFORTSPREVENTION OF MOTHERPREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSIONPREVENTION STRATEGIESPREVENTIVE HEALTHPREVENTIVE HEALTH CAREPREVENTIVE MEDICINEPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIVACYPRIVATE PROVIDERSPROGRESSPSYCHIATRYPSYCHOLOGISTSPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGYPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICE PROVIDERSPUBLIC SERVICESRANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALSREPRODUCTIVE HEALTHREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH POLICYREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICESRESPECTRISK BEHAVIORRISK BEHAVIORSRISK-TAKING BEHAVIORRISKY BEHAVIORRISKY BEHAVIORSRISKY SEXRISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORRISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORSRURAL AREASRURAL POPULATIONSAFE BLOODSCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOLSSCREENINGSELF-TREATMENTSERVICE PROVIDERSSEXSEX WORKSEX WORKERSSEXUAL ACTIVITYSEXUAL BEHAVIORSSEXUAL CONTACTSEXUAL ENCOUNTERSSEXUAL PARTNERSSEXUAL PLEASURESEXUAL PRACTICESSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONSSMOKERSSMOKINGSMOKING CESSATIONSOCIAL SUPPORTSTDSTDSSTERILIZATIONSTISSUB-SAHARAN AFRICASUBSTANCE ABUSESYMPTOMSTEENTEEN PREGNANCIESTEENSTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHTOBACCOTOBACCO CONTROLTOXICOLOGYTRANSMISSION RATESTRICHOMONASUNAIDSUNPROTECTED SEXURBAN AREASVACCINATIONVACCINATION PROGRAMSVACCINESVIRAL LOADVIRAL LOADSVIRUSVOLUNTARY COUNSELINGWEIGHT GAINWEIGHT LOSSWEIGHT REDUCTIONYOUNG CHILDRENYOUNG GIRLSYOUNG PEOPLEYOUTHWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4673