United Cities and Local GovernmentWorld Bank2012-03-192012-03-192009978-0-8213-7734-5https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2609This overall picture of decentralization and local democracy in African countries shows significant progress at the strictly institutional level. No country now publicly opposes the implementation of decentralization policies. Local governments exist in all countries, and elections are held to elect local authorities. The extent of such progress must, however, be set against a number of persistent obstacles that continue to hinder a real progression of decentralization in Africa. Difficulties remain within states concerning the transfer of financial resources needed to match the devolved responsibilities. Local governments also face difficulties in increasing their own resources (aside from state-transfers and grants) at a faster pace. Ensuring the availability of qualified human resources at the local level and improving public access to local services are also fundamental issues of concern.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTABILITYADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTSADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMYADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIESADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITYADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATIONADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTIONSADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENTADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTUREADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISIONASSETSCABINETCANDIDATESCAPITAL CITIESCAPITALSCENTRAL ADMINISTRATIONCENTRAL CONTROLCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCENTRAL GOVERNMENTSCITIZEN PARTICIPATIONCITIZENSCITIZENSHIPCIVIL SERVICECIVIL SOCIETYCOLONIESCONSENSUSCONSTITUENCIESCONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTIONAL REFORMCONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMSCONSTITUTIONSCOUNCILSCOUPS D'ETATDECENTRALIZATIONDECENTRALIZATION IN GOVERNMENTDECENTRALIZATION PROCESSDECENTRALIZATION REFORMSDECISION-MAKINGDECISION-MAKING AUTHORITYDECISION-MAKING POWERDECONCENTRATIONDECREESDEMOCRACYDEMOCRATIC MODELDEMOCRATIZATIONDEVOLUTIONDIRECT DEMOCRACYDISTRIBUTION OF POWERSDISTRICTSDIVISION OF POWERSELECTED OFFICIALSELECTED REPRESENTATIVESELECTIONEMPLOYMENTEQUALIZATIONEXECUTIVE BODIESEXECUTIVE POWEREXPENDITUREFEDERAL STATESFEDERAL SYSTEMSFINANCIAL AUTONOMYFINANCIAL CAPACITYFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONSFINANCIAL MANAGEMENTFINANCIAL RESOURCESFINANCIAL SERVICESFINANCIAL TRANSFERSFISCAL DECENTRALIZATIONFISCAL POWERFOREIGN INVESTMENTGOOD GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE ISSUESGOVERNMENT ACTIONGOVERNMENT FINANCEGOVERNMENT LEVELSGOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVESGOVERNMENT STRUCTURESGOVERNMENT SYSTEMSGOVERNORSGRANT ALLOCATIONHEADS OF STATEHUMAN RESOURCEHUMAN RESOURCESINSTITUTIONAL RELATIONSINTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERSINTERMEDIATE TIER OF GOVERNMENTINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL NETWORKKINGDOMSLAWSLEGAL ENTITIESLEGAL PROTECTIONLEGAL SYSTEMLEGALITYLEGISLATIONLEGISLATURELEGITIMACYLEVEL OF GOVERNMENTLEVELS OF GOVERNMENTLOCAL ADMINISTRATIONLOCAL ADMINISTRATIONSLOCAL AUTHORITIESLOCAL AUTONOMYLOCAL BODIESLOCAL COMMUNITIESLOCAL COMMUNITYLOCAL DEVELOPMENTLOCAL ECONOMYLOCAL ELECTIONSLOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIESLOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCELOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFFLOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEMLOCAL GOVERNMENTSLOCAL INSTITUTIONSLOCAL MANAGEMENTLOCAL OFFICIALSLOCAL PARTICIPATIONLOCAL POPULATIONLOCAL POPULATIONSLOCAL PUBLIC SERVICESLOCAL RESOURCELOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTLOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENTLOCAL SERVICESLOCAL TAXLOCAL TAXESMANDATESMEMBER STATESMINISTRY OF FINANCEMONARCHYMUNICIPALMUNICIPAL COUNCILSMUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENTMUNICIPAL PROPERTYMUNICIPAL TAXMUNICIPALITIESMUNICIPALITYNATIONAL BUDGETNATIONAL GOVERNMENTSNATIONAL LEVELNATIONAL TERRITORYNATIONAL UNITYNATIONSNATURAL RESOURCESPARLIAMENTPARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONSPARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACYPARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACYPARTY AFFILIATIONPOLITICAL PARTIESPOLITICAL POWERPOLITICAL SYSTEMPOLITICAL SYSTEMSPREFECTURESPRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONSPUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONPUBLIC AFFAIRSPUBLIC AUTHORITIESPUBLIC ENTERPRISESPUBLIC GOVERNANCEPUBLIC INSTITUTIONSPUBLIC INTERESTPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC LAWPUBLIC LIFEPUBLIC MANAGEMENTPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC RESOURCESPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONRATIONALIZATIONREGIONAL INTEGRATIONREHABILITATIONREPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACYREPUBLICSRESOURCE MOBILIZATIONREVENUE COLLECTIONREVENUE MOBILIZATIONREVOLUTIONSERVICE DELIVERYSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL INCLUSIONSTATE AUTHORITYSTATE POWERSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTSUFFRAGETAX COLLECTIONTAX RATESTAX REVENUESTAX SYSTEMTAX SYSTEMSTAXATIONTERRITORIAL JURISDICTIONTOWNSHIPSTRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITIESTRANSPARENCYTRANSPORTURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN GOVERNMENTSURBAN SERVICESURBANIZATIONVOTINGUnited Cities and Local Government10.1596/978-0-8213-7734-5