Calice, Pietro2023-03-162023-03-162023-03https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/39548Access to finance is a key obstacle for the growth and development of small and medium-sized enterprises in fragile and conflict affected situations. This paper provides empirical evidence on the key macrofinancial and institutional drivers of financial inclusion of small and medium-sized enterprises in a large sample of countries, highlighting the comparative importance of factors affecting countries with and without fragile and conflict affected situations. The results show that macroeconomic and institutional stability, along with reduced informality, banking sector soundness, and improved credit information environment, are associated with higher financial inclusion of small and medium-sized enterprises. The results also show that strengthening the rule of law, government effectiveness, and control of corruption while increasing financial depth and reducing public sector borrowing and banking market concentration could help close the small and medium-sized enterprise financial inclusion gap between fragile and conflict affected situation countries and the best performing countries. These effects are generally stronger in middle-income countries with fragile and conflict affected situations than in low-income countries with fragile and conflict affected situations. The results point to the importance of adopting comprehensive macrofinancial and institutional strategies to improve financial inclusion of small and medium-sized enterprises in countries with fragile and conflict affected situations, tailoring reforms to country contexts.enCC BY-NC 3.0 IGOFINANCE IN CONFLICTED AFFECTED STATESSMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISES (SME)FINANCIAL INCLUSIONFINANCE IN CONFLICT AFFECTED STATESFRAGILITYBANKING REFORMWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-10363