Meyer, Anke SofiaKalkum, Bernd2014-04-172014-04-172008-03https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17908Market-based reforms in China's urban centralized heating sector are essential to addressing the perpetual inefficiency of a sector built on welfare based principles. The reform of heat pricing and billing is a crucial part of overall heat reform, since it will commodity heat and thus create economic incentives to provide and use heat much more efficiently. Heat pricing and billing reform requires substantial changes in four interrelated areas: (i) transfer of heat payment responsibility from work units to consumers, a change from invisible to visible heat subsidies and an improved targeted subsidy system; (ii) determination of an economically efficient and equitable heat pricing system; (iii) promotion of heat metering, consumer control of heat consumption and consumption based billing; and (iv) improvement of the system of heat price administration.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAIR POLLUTIONAMBIENT TEMPERATUREAPPROACHAVERAGE COSTSBOILERBOILER HOUSEBOILER HOUSESBOILERSBUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCYBUILDING ENERGY USECARBON DIOXIDECENTRAL HEATINGCLIMATE CHANGECO2 EMISSIONSCOALCOAL CONSUMPTIONCOAL PRICECOAL PRICESCOAL USECOGENERATIONCOMPETITIVE MARKETSCONSTRUCTIONCONSUMPTION PATTERNSCOST SAVINGSDISTRIBUTION OF COSTSDISTRICT HEATDISTRICT HEATINGDISTRICT HEATING INDUSTRYDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMSDOMINANT FUELECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INCENTIVESECONOMIES OF SCALEECONOMISTSEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSELECTRICITYEMISSIONENERGY BALANCEENERGY CHARGEENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDSENERGY PLANNERSENERGY RESOURCESENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SECTORENERGY USEENGINEERSENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSEXPENDITURESFIXED COSTSFLEXIBILITYFLOW METERSFUELFUEL CELLSGENERATIONGENERATION CAPACITYGREENHOUSE GASESHEATHEAT DEMANDHEAT DISTRIBUTIONHEAT ENERGYHEAT METERHEAT METERINGHEAT METERSHEAT PRICINGHEAT PRODUCTIONHEAT REFORMHEAT REFORMSHEAT SALESHEAT SUBSTATIONSHEAT SUPPLYHEAT TARIFFHEAT TARIFFSHEATING ENERGYHOT WATERHOT WATER SUPPLYINCOMEINFLATIONINPUT PRICESINVENTORIESKILOWATT-HOURLABOR PRODUCTIVITYMARGINAL COSTMARGINAL COSTSNATURAL GASPACIFIC REGIONPILOT PROJECTSPIPESPOLLUTION CONTROLPOWERPOWER ENERGYPOWER SECTORPRESSUREPRICE SETTINGPRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITYPRODUCTIVITYPROVISION OF HEATPUMPSRAW COALRENEWABLE ENERGYRESIDENTIAL BUILDINGRESIDENTIAL BUILDINGSRESIDENTIAL CONSUMERSSOLID FUELSSPACE HEATINGSULFURSULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONSSULFUR REMOVALSUPPLY COSTSSUPPLY EFFICIENCYSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE ENERGYTARIFF DESIGNTARIFF STRUCTURETAXATIONTHERMAL LOADTHERMAL PERFORMANCETHERMAL POWERTONS OF CARBONTONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDETOOLSTRANSPORTTURBINESVALVESVARIABLE COSTSWATER FLOWWATER HEATINGWESTERN EUROPEWIDENINGChina : Development of National Heat Pricing and Billing Policy10.1596/17908