Dang, Hai-Anh H.2013-11-252013-11-252013-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16316Building on the earlier work, this paper provides an updated review of the private tutoring phenomenon in Vietnam in several aspects, including the reasons, scale, intensity, form, cost, and legality of these classes. In particular, the paper offers a comparative analysis of the trends in private tutoring between 1998 and 2006 where data are available. Several (micro-) correlates are examined that are found to be strongly correlated with student attendance at tutoring, including household income, household head education and residence area, student current grade level, ethnicity, and household size. In particular, the analysis focuses on the last three variables, which have received little attention in the previous literature on the determinants of tutoring.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOacademic performanceAcademic Successaccess to schoolingage rangesattendance ratesbasic educationblack studentschildcareclassroomclassroomsCollege EducationCollege Entrancecollege studentscollegesComparative Educationcost of bookscurriculademand for educationEconomics of EducationEducation Developmenteducation expenditureeducation expenditureseducation feesEducation Laweducation leveleducation outcomeseducation reformseducation sectorEducation statisticseducation systemeducational institutionsEducational MeasurementEducational Planningeducational policiesEducational Researchemploymentenrollmentenrollment ratesenrolment rateEntrance Examethnic groupsEthnic Minoritiesethnic minorityethnic minority groupsexamExam Performanceexamsexpendituresfemale studentsformal schoolinggender biasgirlsGovernment support for educationgross enrollmentgross enrollment ratesgross enrolmentgross enrolment rateshigh schoolhigher educationhigher education institutionhigher gradeshousehold surveysHuman Capitalhuman developmentHuman ResourcesinstructionInvestment in EducationLearning Outcomeslevel of educationlevels of educationliteracyliteracy ratesliteraturelower secondary educationlower secondary levelmathematicsMinistry of Educationminority groupsnational universitynumber of schoolsnumber of studentsolder childrenopen accessPapersparent associationsparental educationpreschool levelPrimary educationprimary levelPrimary Lower secondaryprimary schoolprimary school completionprimary school completion rateprimary school levelprimary schoolsprimary studentsprivate institutionsPrivate Tutoringprivate universitiesprivate universitypublic schoolspublic universitiesPublishersquality of educationreadersreadingReasoningRemedial Educationresearchersrural areasrural studentsschool administratorsschool ageschool curriculaschool dayschool enrolmentschool facilitiesschool hoursschool levelsschool systemschool teachersschool yearschool yearsschoolingschoolsSecondary educationsecondary schoolsecondary school principalssecondary schoolssecondary studentsStudent Achievementstudent attendancestudent attitudesstudent learningstudent performancestudents per yearteacherteacher salariesTeachersTeachingtechnical assistancetelevision broadcastsTertiary educationtertiary leveltertiary levelstertiary sectortertiary systemtest scorestraining schoolstuitiontuition feesTutoringtutoring methodstutorsundergraduate educationuniversitiesuniversity entranceuniversity entrance examinationsuniversity professorsvocational schoolsYouthWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6618