Fields, DarylKochnakyan, ArturMukhamedova, TakhminaStuggins, GaryBesant-Jones, John2013-09-242013-09-242013978-0-8213-9967-510.1596/978-0-8213-9967-5https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15795Tajikistan's electricity system is in a state of crisis. Approximately 70 percent of the Tajik people suffer from extensive shortages of electricity during the winter. These shortages, estimated at about 2,700 GWh, about a quarter of winter electricity demand, impose economic losses estimated at over United States (US) 200 million dollars per annum or 3 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The electricity shortages have not been addressed because investments have not been made in new electricity supply capacity and maintenance of existing assets has not improved. The financial incentive for electricity consumers to reduce their consumption is inadequate as electricity prices are among the lowest in the world. Without prompt action to remedy the causes of Tajikistan's electricity crisis and with growing demand, the shortages could increase to about 4,500 GWh by 2016 (over a third of winter electricity demand) or worse. The World Bank undertook this study to assist the Government of Tajikistan (GoT) in finding ways to overcome the current electricity shortages and establish a sound basis for meeting the growing electricity demand in Tajikistan. The study focuses on the investments and policy reforms needed between now and 2020 to strengthen the financial, technical and institutional capacity of the Tajik power sector and prepare the GoT for undertaking a major expansion of power supply capacity. The study excludes large hydropower plants with storage, given their complexity and global experience that such projects are subject to delays. The winter electricity shortages are caused by a combination of low hydropower output during winter when river flows are low and high demand driven by heating needs. The GoT should focus its immediate attention on three ways to eliminate the current winter power shortages: 1) ambitious energy efficiency plans to reduce uneconomic power usage; 2) new dual-fired thermal power supply to complement the existing hydropower supply during winter; and 3) increased energy imports to leverage surplus electricity supply in neighboring countries.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAIRAIR LEAKAGEAIR LEAKSAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYALLOWANCEALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTSALUMINUMALUMINUM INDUSTRYANNUAL GROWTH RATEAPPLIANCE STANDARDSAPPROACHAVAILABILITYAVERAGE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONBALANCEBOILERBOILER HOUSEBOILER HOUSESBOILERSCALCULATIONCAPSCARBONCARBON MONOXIDECATASTROPHIC FAILURECLIMATECOALCOAL GASCOAL PRODUCTIONCOLORSCOMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPSCONSERVATIONCOST OF ELECTRICITYCOST OF ENERGYCOST OF ENERGY SUPPLYCOSTS OF ELECTRICITYDEMAND FOR ELECTRICITYDEMAND FOR ENERGYDEMAND FOR ENERGY SERVICESDEMAND FORECASTDEMAND MANAGEMENTDEMAND REDUCTIONDEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENTDIESELDIESEL POWERDISSOLUTIONDISTRIBUTION NETWORKDISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITYDISTRICT HEATINGDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMSDOMESTIC SOURCESDOMESTIC SUPPLYECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC COSTSECONOMIC GROWTHELECTRIC HEATERSELECTRIC WATER HEATINGELECTRICITYELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONELECTRICITY COSTSELECTRICITY DEMANDELECTRICITY DEMAND GROWTHELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY PRICEELECTRICITY PRICESELECTRICITY SAVINGSELECTRICITY SUPPLYELECTRICITY SYSTEMELECTRICITY TARIFFELECTRICITY TARIFFSELECTRICITY USAGEELECTROLYSISEMISSIONSEND-USEEND-USE CONSUMPTIONEND-USERSENERGY AUDITSENERGY BILLSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY COSTSENERGY DEFICITENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURESENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDSENERGY INTENSITYENERGY LOSSENERGY LOSSESENERGY MARKETENERGY NEEDSENERGY PRICESENERGY RESOURCESENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SECURITYENERGY SHORTAGESENERGY SOURCESENERGY SYSTEMENERGY USEEXTREME TEMPERATURESFEASIBILITYFINANCIAL ANALYSISFINANCIAL CONDITIONFINANCIAL COSTSFINANCIAL NEEDSFINANCIAL REASONSFINANCIAL SUPPORTFLUORESCENT LAMPFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOSSILFOSSIL FUELSFUELFUEL OILFUEL SUPPLYFUEL SWITCHINGFUELSGASGAS BOILERSGAS TURBINEGASIFICATIONGENERATION CAPACITYGENERATION UNITSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROWTH IN DEMANDGROWTH IN ELECTRICITY DEMANDHARD COALHEALTH RISKHEATHEAT DEMANDHEAT GENERATIONHEAT SUPPLYHEAT TRANSMISSIONHEATING SYSTEMHEAVY OILHOUSEHOLD ENERGYHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURESHYDROPOWERHYDROPOWER PLANTIMPORTSINCOMEINVESTMENTS IN ENERGYINVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCYIRRADIATIONJOBSKILOWATT HOURLIVING STANDARDSLOAD SHEDDINGNATURAL GASNATURAL GAS SUPPLYNEGATIVE IMPACTOILOIL EQUIVALENTPEAK DEMANDPEAK LOADPEAK POWERPETROLEUMPORTFOLIOPOWERPOWER CAPACITYPOWER CONSUMPTIONPOWER DEMANDPOWER FLOWSPOWER GENERATIONPOWER PLANT CONSTRUCTIONPOWER PRICESPOWER SECTORPOWER SHORTAGESPOWER SUPPLYPOWER SYSTEMPOWER TRADEPRESENT VALUEPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPRICE INCREASEPRICE SIGNALPROVISION OF HEATQUANTITATIVE ANALYSISQUANTITY OF ELECTRICITYREGULATORY FRAMEWORKRELIABILITY OF SUPPLYRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESRESIDENTIAL BUILDINGRESIDENTIAL BUILDINGSRESIDENTIAL CONSUMERSSCENARIOSSMALL HYDROPOWERSOLAR POWERSOLAR THERMALSOLAR WATER HEATERSSOLID FUELSSPACE HEATINGSUBSTITUTIONSUPPLY COSTSSUPPLY OF ELECTRICITYTHERMAL PLANTTHERMAL PLANT CAPACITYTHERMAL PLANTSTHERMAL POWERTHERMAL POWER PLANTTHERMAL POWER PLANTSTOTAL COSTTOTAL DEMANDTRANSMISSION CONSTRAINTSTRANSMISSION LINETRANSMISSION LINESTRANSMISSION SYSTEMTURBINESUTILITY COMPANYVOLTAGEWASTEWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-9967-5