De Ferranti, DavidPerry, Guillermo E.Ferreira, Francisco H.G.Walton, Michael2013-08-122013-08-1220040-8213-5665-8https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15009With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOINEQUALITYINEQUALITY REDUCTIONINCOME DISTRIBUTIONWEALTH INEQUALITIESINCOME INEQUALITIESEQUAL OPPORTUNITIESHOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATAPOLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITYSOCIAL INEQUALITYSOCIAL INEQUITYSOCIAL INSTITUTIONSCOMMUNITY EMPOWERMENTSOCIAL EXCLUSIONSOCIAL INCLUSIONMACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENTDISPUTE RESOLUTIONCONFLICT MANAGEMENTFAIRNESS & IMPARTIALITYACCESS TO COURTSACCESS TO CREDITACCESS TO DRINKING WATERACCESS TO EDUCATIONACCESS TO ENERGYACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICESACCESS TO HEALTH CAREACCESS TO INFORMATIONACCESS TO JUDICIAL SYSTEMSACCESS TO JUSTICEACCESS TO LANDACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATIONACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CAREACCESS TO SAFE WATERACCESS TO SECONDARY EDUCATIONACCESS TO WATER SOURCESPROPERTY RIGHTSINCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMSREGRESSIVE TRANSFERSREDISTRIBUTIONREDRESS OF GRIEVANCESSOCIAL SAFETY NETS ACCESS TO SERVICESACCOUNTABILITYAGGREGATE INCOMECASH TRANSFERSCITIZENSCONCENTRATION COEFFICIENTSCONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKCOUNTRIES MUSTCRIMECRISESCRONYCRONY BIASCROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSIONDATA SETSDEMOCRACYDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT OUTCOMESDIFFERENCES IN INCOMEDISTRIBUTIONAL CONFLICTSDISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC MECHANISMSECONOMISTSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTELASTICITIESELASTICITYELASTICITY OF POVERTYEQUAL COUNTRIESFACTOR ENDOWMENTSFOOD POLICY RESEARCHGDPGINI COEFFICIENTGOVERNMENT EXPENDITURESGROUP INEQUALITYHIGH INEQUALITYHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN RIGHTSINCOMEINCOME DIFFERENCESINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME DISTRIBUTIONSINCOME ELASTICITYINCOME GROWTHINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME QUINTILESINCOME REDISTRIBUTIONINCOME SHARESINCOME TRANSFERSINEQUALITYINEQUALITY MEASURESINSURANCEINVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIESLABOR FORCELABOR INCOMELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET POLICIESLABOR MARKETSLAND INEQUALITYLAND OWNERSHIPLAND USELITERACY RATESMACROECONOMIC POLICYMEAN INCOMEMEAN INCOMESMEASURING INEQUALITYMORTALITY RATESNATURAL RESOURCESNET INCOMEPENSIONSPER CAPITA INCOMEPERSONAL INCOMEPERSONAL INCOME TAXESPOLICY REFORMSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLITICAL EQUILIBRIUMPOLITICAL FINANCINGPOLITICAL INFLUENCEPOLITICAL INSTITUTIONSPOLITICAL LEADERSHIPPOORPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRICE CHANGESPRIMARY EDUCATIONPROGRAMSPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURESPUBLIC OFFICIALSPUBLIC SPENDINGPUBLIC TRANSFERSREAL PER CAPITA INCOMERULE OF LAWSIGNIFICANT IMPACTSOCIAL ACTIONSOCIAL CAPITALSOCIAL CHANGESOCIAL CONDITIONSSOCIAL FUNDSSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SPENDINGSUBNATIONAL LEVELSTARGETINGTAX COMPLIANCETAX RATESTAX REVENUETAX REVENUESTAXATIONUNEMPLOYMENTUNEQUAL ACCESSWAGE DIFFERENTIALSWAGESWELL-BEINGYOUTHWorld Bank10.1596/0-8213-5665-8