World Bank2013-07-102013-07-102004-12-29https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14437In 1989, Albania's rigid political and socioeconomic structure shattered beyond repair. Turbulence soon invaded every domain of life. As the state imploded, so did the state-run economy. This review explores ongoing consequences of this difficult transformation that took place since 1989 and of policy initiatives to mitigate or ameliorate its effects. Albania has been much studied; the review addresses important information gaps. It establishes, from the representative 2002 Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS), which kinds of families receive public income transfers and private income flows in what amounts and from what sources. It estimates the impact that these public and private income flows have in mitigating pre-transfer and post-transfer poverty among households. It does this by type of family and source of income flow, for all Albanian households and for various subsets of them. This review analyzes the relative importance of pensions and social assistance in alleviating poverty among rural households with aged members. This review also documents and links data on expenditures under social programs with data on program beneficiaries for recent years and it identifies current tradeoffs among the multiple objectives of social safety net policies, including those relating to coverage, adequacy, work incentives, equity, and effective government spending. Finally, it suggests options for future development of social safety net policies, including ways to strengthen overall policy linkages and programmatic coordination among social programs.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO SERVICESAGRICULTURAL INCOMESAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL SECTORALLOCATION OF RESOURCESANTI-POVERTYANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMASSISTANCE PROGRAMSASSISTANCE TO FAMILIESBENEFICIARIESBENEFICIARYBENEFIT AMOUNTBENEFIT LEVELSCAPACITY BUILDINGCAPACITY-BUILDINGCASH ASSISTANCECASH BENEFITCASH BENEFITSCASH SOCIAL ASSISTANCECASH TRANSFERSCOLLECTIVE FARMINGCOLLECTIVE FARMSCOMMUNITY ASSETSCONDITIONAL CASHCONFLICTCONSUMER SUBSIDIESCOUNTERFACTUALDEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONDEPENDENCY RATIOSDEVELOPMENT OF POLICIESDISABILITYDISABILITY BENEFITSDRUGSECONOMIC CHANGEECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC OPPORTUNITYECONOMIC RISKSECONOMIC SECURITYELDERLYELDERLY PEOPLEELIGIBILITY CRITERIAELIGIBLE FAMILYEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENERGY SUBSIDIESEXTERNAL MIGRATIONEXTREME POVERTYEXTREME POVERTY LINEEXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDSFAMILY COMPOSITIONFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY STRUCTUREFARMERSFLAT-RATEFOOD COMPONENTSFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFORMAL EMPLOYMENTGENDER BALANCEGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE FINANCINGHEALTH INSURANCEHOUSEHOLD COMPOSITIONHOUSEHOLD HEADSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLD SIZEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUSBANDSILLEGAL IMMIGRATIONIMMIGRANTSIMMIGRATIONIMPACT ON POVERTYINCIDENCE OF POVERTYINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME LOSSINCOME TRANSFERSINDICATORS OF POVERTYINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIONINFORMAL ECONOMYINSURANCE SYSTEMSINTERNAL MIGRANTSINTERNAL MIGRATIONINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTSINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONJOB OPPORTUNITIESLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET POLICIESLABOR MARKET PROGRAMSLABOR MARKETSLANDHOLDINGSLIFESTYLESLIVING STANDARDSLOCAL GOVERNMENTSMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMATERNITY BENEFITMATERNITY BENEFITSMEANS TESTINGMIGRATION FLOWSMINIMUM INCOMENEEDY FAMILIESNUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDSNUMBER OF MIGRANTSOLD AGEOLD-AGE PENSIONPAYROLL CONTRIBUTIONPAYROLL CONTRIBUTIONSPAYROLL TAXPENSIONPENSIONSPOLICY DEVELOPMENTPOLICY MAKERSPOLITICAL DECISIONPOORPOOR FAMILIESPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR INDIVIDUALSPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY ASSESSMENTPOVERTY GAPPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY INDICATORSPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY LINESPOVERTY MEASURESPOVERTY PROFILEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPOVERTY SEVERITYPOVERTY STATUSPRIVATE ASSISTANCEPRIVATE TRANSFERSPROGRAM COVERAGEPROGRAM DESIGNSPROGRAM ELIGIBILITYPROSTITUTIONPUBLIC PENSIONSPUBLIC SAFETY NETPUBLIC TRANSFERPUBLIC TRANSFERSPURCHASING POWERREFUGEESREMITTANCESRESIDENTIAL INSTITUTIONSRESOURCE USERESPECTRURALRURAL AREASRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL PARTICIPATIONRURAL PUBLICRURAL RESIDENTSRURAL WORKERSSAFETY NET PROGRAMSSAFETY NET SYSTEMSSAFETY NET TRANSFERSSANITATIONSAVINGSSCHOOL ATTENDANCESERVICE PROVIDERSSHOCKSICKNESS BENEFITSKILLED WORKERSSOCIAL AFFAIRSSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL CARESOCIAL CONTROLSOCIAL INSURANCESOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMSSOCIAL PROGRAMSSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SAFETY NETSOCIAL SAFETY NETSSOCIAL SERVICESOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL SUPPORTSOCIAL TRANSFERSSOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONSPOUSESSSNSTRUCTURAL REFORMSSUPPORT NETWORKSTARGETED TRANSFERSTARGETINGTEMPORARY ASSISTANCETRANSFER AMOUNTTRANSFER INCOMETRANSFER PROGRAMTRANSITION COUNTRIESTRANSPORTATIONUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSUNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCEURBAN AREASURBAN CENTERSURBAN COMMUNITIESURBAN MIGRATIONURBANIZATIONVULNERABLE FAMILIESWAGE RATEWAGE RATESWARWORK INCENTIVESWORK PROGRAMWORK PROJECTSYOUNG ADULTSWorld Bank10.1596/14437