Soppelsa, Maria E.Lozano-Gracia, NancyXu, L. Colin2020-04-292020-04-292020The Journal of Environment and Developmenthttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/33662In this paper, we explore the links between city competitiveness and air pollution and business environment. Because competitive cities not only attract more productive firms but also facilitate their business, we choose to look at firm performance as a proxy for city competitiveness. We particularly focus on African firms because this region is developing fast, experiencing increasing pollution levels and the effects of agglomeration economies. We find two interesting results. First, the negative association between air pollution and firm performance can be seen at lower than expected levels of pollution. Second, the effects of capacity agglomeration on labor productivity growth are stronger compared to other regions. These findings suggest that cities in this region should address pollution issues soon, as they continue to grow fast and pollution levels becoming an increasing concern.CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGOCITY COMPETITIVENESSBUSINESS ENVIRONMENTAIR POLLUTIONFIRM PRODUCTIVITYAGGLOMERATION ECONOMIESLABOR PRODUCTIVITYJournal ArticleWorld Bank10.1596/33662