Vincent, Jeffrey R.2013-01-032013-01-032012-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12084"Ecosystem services" has become a catch-phrase for the complex connections between the natural environment and human well-being. This paper considers the impact of changes in the supply of ecosystem services, and programs to increase their supply, on near-term growth of gross domestic product. It focuses on the relationship between locally generated versus transboundary services and growth in developing countries, where the highest rates of ecosystem degradation tend to be found. There is a common perception that there is a tradeoff between environmental protection and economic growth, especially in the near term. This perception can make policymakers reluctant to support environmental protection. Where the environment is a source of economically important services, then environmental protection may stimulate growth of gross domestic product instead of reducing it. The paper considers evidence on the economic value of regulating services; the degree to which ecosystems actually supply some of the services they are commonly assumed to supply; and the near-term growth implications of restoring ecosystems, and reducing their loss. This leads to a discussion on the effectiveness of programs intended to reduce ecosystem loss, with a focus on protected areas and payments for ecosystem services, and the effects of these programs on poverty alleviation.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAFFORESTATIONAGGREGATE LANDAGRICULTURAL EXPANSIONAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL PRACTICESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITYALTERNATIVE USESAMOUNT OF LANDAQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSBEACHESBEARSBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBIOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATIONBIOLOGICAL CONSERVATIONBIOLOGYBIOSPHERECARBONCARBON CREDITSCARBON SEQUESTRATIONCLEAN WATERCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECOCOASTAL DISASTERSCOASTAL ECOSYSTEMSCOASTAL PROTECTIONCOASTLINECOMMERCIAL VALUECOMPARATIVE ANALYSISCONSERVATION AGENCYCONSERVATION BENEFITSCONSERVATION DECISIONSCONSERVATION GROUPSCONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITYCONSERVATION POLICIESCONSERVATION POLICYCONSERVATION PROGRAMCONSERVATION PROGRAMSCONSERVATION PROJECTSCORALCORAL REEFSDEFORESTATIONDEFORESTATION RATEDEGRADED ECOSYSTEMSDEMAND FOR LANDDESERTIFICATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDISTRIBUTION OF SPECIESDOWNSTREAM COMMUNITIESDROUGHTECOLOGICAL ECONOMICSECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTECOLOGICAL PROCESSESECOLOGICAL RESTORATIONECOLOGICAL SERVICESECOLOGYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC VALUEECONOMICSECONOMISTSECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENTECOSYSTEM CHANGEECOSYSTEM DEGRADATIONECOSYSTEM HEALTHECOSYSTEM LOSSECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENTECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIONECOSYSTEM PROTECTIONECOSYSTEM RESTORATIONECOSYSTEM SERVICEECOSYSTEM SERVICESECOSYSTEMSEFFECTIVE CONSERVATIONEMISSIONSEMPIRICAL STUDIESENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL CHANGESENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL SHOCKSENVIRONMENTAL VALUATIONENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLESEUTROPHICATIONEVAPOTRANSPIRATIONEXTINCTIONFARMING PRACTICESFARMSFAUNAFENCINGFILTRATIONFISHFISH CATCHFISHERIESFISHINGFLOODSFLORAFOREST AREAFOREST BOUNDARYFOREST CARBONFOREST CONSERVATIONFOREST COVERFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST ECOSYSTEMFOREST ECOSYSTEMSFOREST MANAGEMENTFOREST POLICYFOREST RESOURCESFOREST RESTORATIONFOREST SCIENCEFOREST SECTORFOREST TENUREFOREST TYPEFOREST VALUATIONFORESTRYFORESTSFRAGILE LANDSGENETICGENETIC RESOURCESGLOBAL DEFORESTATIONGLOBAL FORESTGLOBAL FOREST RESOURCESGLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENTGLOBAL FORESTSGOLDGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASESHUNTINGINTERNATIONAL FOREST CARBONISSUESLABOR MARKETSLAND CONSERVATIONLAND ECONOMICSLAND MANAGEMENTLAND RENTSLAND USELAND USESLANDSCAPELANDSCAPE LEVELLANDSCAPESLOGGINGLOSS OF ECOSYSTEMSMANGROVE FORESTSMANGROVESMARGINAL PROPENSITY TO CONSUMEMARINE FISHERIESMARSHESMOUNTAINSMULTIPLIERSNATIONAL FORESTNATIONAL FOREST POLICYNATIONAL FORESTSNATIONAL PARKSNATURAL CAPITALNATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL ECOSYSTEMSNATURAL ENVIRONMENTNATURAL FORESTSNATURAL HABITATNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTNATUREOPEN ACCESSOPPORTUNITY COSTSPATROLLINGPHARMACEUTICALSPLANTPOLLINATIONPOLLINATORSPOPULATION DENSITYPPPRECIPITATIONPRESENT VALUEPRODUCTION PROCESSESQUALITY OF WATERQUOTASRAINFALLRANGELANDSREAL WAGESREDUCING EMISSIONSRESERVESRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESTAURANTSRESTORATION ECOLOGYROAD NETWORKSAND DUNESSHALLOW LAKESSOIL EROSIONSOIL FERTILITYSPECIESSTATUS OF BIODIVERSITYSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE FISHERIESSUSTAINABLE FORESTRYTANGIBLE GOODSTHEORETICAL MODELSTHRESHOLDSTIMBERTIMBER HARVESTINGTIMBER PRODUCTIONTIMBER SUPPLYTOURISMTOURISM DEVELOPMENTTOURISM INDUSTRYTRADEOFFSTRAGEDY OF THE COMMONSTREETREE PLANTINGTREESTROPICAL DEFORESTATIONTROPICAL FORESTTROPICAL FORESTSTROPICAL STORMSTROPICSUNEPVEGETATIONVILLAGESWATER QUALITYWATER TREATMENTWATERSHEDWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6233