Kleemeier, Elizabeth L.2014-03-112014-03-112010-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17248This study examines experiences with using the private sector to manage domestic water supplies serving dispersed populations or very small settlements in rural areas. The potential contribution from private operators is well-known for small towns. The unanswered question is whether private operators are an option for more remote rural areas with low population density. This review therefore focused on operations that: 1) serve dispersed populations or settlements with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants in rural areas, 2) have been undertaken on a significant scale, and 3) engage individuals or for-profit organizations to manage water supplies. The rationale for examining rural private operator models is twofold: sustainability and expanded access. First, rural private operators may offer a solution to the high rates of nonfunctioning water points, especially in rural Africa. Second, private operator models may enable governments to leverage private capital and rationalize government subsidies for rural domestic water infrastructure. Those capacities would enable governments, in turn, to expand access to safe rural domestic water supplies.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO WATERAPPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGYBILATERAL DONORSBOREHOLESBULK WATERBULK WATER SUPPLYCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCOMMUNITY MANAGEMENTCOMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONSCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONCONNECTION FEESCONSTRUCTIONCONTAMINATED WATERCOST RECOVERYDELIVERY COSTSDEMAND FOR WATERDOMESTIC USEDOMESTIC WATERDOMESTIC WATER SUPPLYDRILLING PROCESSDRINKING WATEREFFECTIVE DEMANDELEVATED STORAGEELEVATED TANKSENGINEERINGFINANCIAL VIABILITYGOOD GOVERNANCEGRAVITYGROUND WATERGROUNDWATERHANDPUMPSHOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONSINDIVIDUAL CONNECTIONSINTERNATIONAL WATERINVESTMENT COSTSINVESTMENT FINANCINGIRRIGATIONIRRIGATION WATERLARGE UTILITYLOCAL AUTHORITIESLOCAL ENTREPRENEURSLOCAL OPERATORSLOCAL PRIVATE OPERATORSMAINTENANCE CONTRACTSMAINTENANCE COSTSMANUAL DRILLINGMETERINGNATIONAL UTILITIESNATIONAL UTILITYNATIONAL WATER SUPPLYNUMBER OF CONNECTIONSPIPEPIPED WATERPIPELINEPOPULATION DENSITIESPOPULATION DENSITYPOTABLE WATERPOTABLE WATER SUPPLYPOWER CONSUMPTIONPREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCEPRIVATE COMPANIESPRIVATE FINANCINGPRIVATE OPERATORPRIVATE OPERATORSPRIVATE SECTOR OPERATORSPROJECT MANAGEMENTPROTECTED SPRINGSPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTPROVINCIAL WATERPROVINCIAL WATER UTILITIESPUBLIC UTILITIESREGIONAL DEVELOPMENTREGIONAL UTILITIESREGULATORY AGENCYREMOTE RURAL AREASRESPONSIBILITY FOR WATERREVERSE OSMOSISRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL SETTLEMENTSRURAL SMALL TOWNSRURAL TOWNSRURAL VILLAGESRURAL WATERRURAL WATER ACCESSRURAL WATER SUPPLIESRURAL WATER SUPPLYRURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECTSANITATIONSANITATION SERVICESERVICE CONTRACTSSERVICE PROVISIONSHALLOW GROUNDWATERSMALL ENTERPRISESSMALL MUNICIPALITIESSMALL TOWNSMALL TOWN SCHEMESSMALL TOWNSSPARE PARTSSPRINGSSTANDPIPESTORAGE CAPACITYSTORAGE TANKSURFACE WATERTAPSTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSTOWN WATERTOWN WATER INITIATIVETOWN WATER SUPPLIESTREATMENT PLANTTREATMENT PLANTSURBAN AREASURBAN WATERVILLAGE COMMITTEEVILLAGE WATERVILLAGE WATER COMMITTEESWASHINGWATER COMPANIESWATER COMPONENTSWATER DEPARTMENTWATER DEVELOPMENTWATER HEALTHWATER INFRASTRUCTUREWATER PARTNERSHIPWATER POINTSWATER QUALITYWATER SALESWATER SCHEMESWATER SECTORWATER SECTOR REFORMWATER SERVICEWATER SERVICE PROVISIONWATER SERVICESWATER SOURCEWATER SUPPLIESWATER SUPPLYWATER SUPPLY CONSTRUCTIONWATER SUPPLY PROJECTSWATER SUPPLY TECHNOLOGIESWATER TABLEWATER TREATMENTWATER USERWATER USER ASSOCIATIONWATER USERSWATER USERS ASSOCIATIONWATER VENDORSWELLS10.1596/17248