Rogers, F. HalseyDang, Hai-Anh2012-05-292012-05-292008-02https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6587Private tutoring is now a major component of the education sector in many developing countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and makes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised against private tutoring, most notably that it exacerbates social inequalities and may even fail to improve student outcomes. This paper surveys the literature for evidence on private tutoring-the extent of the tutoring phenomenon, the factors that explain its growth, and its cost-effectiveness in improving student academic performance. It also presents a framework for assessing the efficiency and equity effects of tutoring. It concludes that tutoring can raise the effectiveness of the education system under certain reasonable assumptions, even taking into account equity concerns, and it offers guidance for attacking corruption and other problems that diminish the contributions of the tutoring sector.CC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTACADEMIC PERFORMANCEACADEMIC RANKINGACADEMIC SUBJECTSACHIEVEMENTSADOLESCENTSALTERNATIVE EDUCATIONBASIC SKILLSCHILD CARECHILD LABORCLASS SIZESCLASSROOM TEACHERSCOLLEGE EDUCATIONCOLLEGE ENTRANCECOLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONSCOLLEGE STUDENTSCOLLEGESCOMMUNITY FINANCINGCONSUMERCONSUMERSCONTRIBUTIONSCORRESPONDENCE COURSECULTURAL VALUESCURRICULUMDELIVERY MECHANISMDEMAND FOR EDUCATIONDISADVANTAGED CHILDRENDISSERTATIONEARLY GRADESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMICS OF EDUCATIONEDUCATION AGENDAEDUCATION ECONOMICSEDUCATION EXPENDITUREEDUCATION EXPENDITURESEDUCATION EXPERTSEDUCATION OUTCOMESEDUCATION POLICIESEDUCATION POLICYEDUCATION PROGRAMSEDUCATION QUALITYEDUCATION REFORMEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTEDUCATIONAL ACTIVITYEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENTEDUCATIONAL EVALUATIONEDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURESEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENTEDUCATIONAL OUTCOMESEDUCATIONAL PLANNINGEDUCATIONAL POLICYEDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGYEDUCATIONAL REFORMEDUCATIONAL REFORMSEDUCATIONAL RESEARCHEDUCATIONAL SUBSIDIESEFFECTIVE EDUCATIONELEMENTARY SCHOOLELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTSEMPLOYMENTENROLLMENTENROLLMENT RATESEXAMEXPENDITURESFIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTSFORMAL EDUCATIONFORMAL EDUCATION SECTORFORMAL SCHOOL SYSTEMSFORMAL SCHOOLINGGENDER INEQUALITYGIRLSGRADE REPETITIONGROSS ENROLLMENTGROSS ENROLLMENT RATESGROSS ENROLMENTGROSS ENROLMENT RATESHIGH SCHOOLHIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSHIGH SCHOOLSHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER INCOMESHOMEWORKHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITUREHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD SPENDINGHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTINCOMEINCOME LEVELSINDIVIDUAL LEARNERINSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTIONAL TIMEINTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONINTERVENTIONSINVESTINGJOB MARKETLABOR MARKETLAW SCHOOLSLEARNINGLEARNING ACHIEVEMENTLEARNING ACHIEVEMENTSLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLITERACYLITERATURELOW-INCOMEMARKET ECONOMYMATHMATHEMATICSMIDDLE SCHOOLNUMBER OF STUDENTSPAPERSPARENTAL CHOICEPARENTAL EDUCATIONPERFORMANCE AT SCHOOLPOOR PEOPLEPREPARATORY SCHOOLSPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOLSPRIMARY STUDENTSPRIMARY-SCHOOLPRIVATE EDUCATIONPRIVATE SCHOOLPRIVATE SCHOOLINGPRIVATE SCHOOLSPRIVATE TUTORINGPROBABILITYPRODUCTIVITYPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATIONPUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLSPUBLIC SCHOOLPUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMPUBLIC SCHOOLINGPUBLIC SCHOOLSPUBLISHERSQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRATES OF RETURNREADINGREADING ACHIEVEMENTREASONINGREGIONAL WORKSHOPREGULAR CLASSROOMREGULAR TEACHERSREMEDIAL EDUCATIONREPETITIONREPETITION RATESRESEARCH EVALUATIONRESEARCHERSRETIREDRETURNS TO EDUCATIONRURAL AREASRURAL SCHOOLSSCHOOL ACTIVITIESSCHOOL AGESCHOOL AGE CHILDRENSCHOOL CHILDRENSCHOOL EDUCATIONSCHOOL FINANCESCHOOL HOURSSCHOOL LEARNINGSCHOOL LEVELSCHOOL QUALITYSCHOOL REFORMSCHOOL SIZESCHOOL TEACHERSCHOOL TEACHERSSCHOOL VOUCHERSSCHOOL-LEAVING EXAMINATIONSSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSCIENCE STUDYSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTSSECONDARY STUDENTSSHORT COURSESSTANDARDIZED TESTSSTOCK EXCHANGESTUDENT ACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSSTUDENT ATTENDANCESTUDENT CHARACTERISTICSSTUDENT LEARNINGSTUDENT OUTCOMESSTUDENT PERFORMANCESTUDENT SATISFACTIONSYLLABITEACHERTEACHERSTEST SCORESTRAINING COURSESTUITIONTUTORINGTUTORING PROGRAMSTUTORSUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY ADMISSIONSUNIVERSITY ENTRANCEUNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONSUNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMSUNIVERSITY PROFESSORSUNIVERSITY STUDENTSUPPER-SECONDARY STUDENTSURBAN SCHOOLSWAGEYOUTHWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4530