Independent Evaluation Group2015-01-062015-01-062012https://hdl.handle.net/10986/21106This paper constitutes the third and final volume of a series of assessments of the World Bank Group's engagement with climate change issues. The first focused on World Bank involvement in policy issues related to greenhouse gas mitigation. It was mainly concerned with the potential for energy price reform and energy efficiency policies to yield dividends in growth, fiscal savings, and climate change mitigation. The second volume examined project-level lessons related to greenhouse gas mitigation. This volume draws lessons from World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) engagement in climate change adaptation. Like its predecessors, but to an even greater extent, this evaluation has a strong focus on learning, as the Bank Group explores a newly defined agenda. Climate change adaptation has only recently captured widespread policy attention. In strong contrast to climate mitigation, whose progress can be tracked along a single global metric (the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases), adaptation takes many forms, is intensely local, and resists easy definition and measurement. To a much greater extent even than climate change mitigation, adaptation is intertwined with development. Thus this evaluation looks not only at activities explicitly labeled 'climate adaptation' but also at a selection of those that might be expected to be adaptive, even if not so labeled.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAdaptation BenefitsAdaptation EffortsAdaptation ProjectsAdaptation to ClimateAdaptation to Climate VariabilityAdaptingAdaptive managementadverse climate adverse effectsadverse effects of climate changeafforestationagricultural insuranceAgricultureallocationaltitudeanthropogenic climate changeAnticipating climate changeatmosphereatmospheric concentrationBasinsBiodiversityBiodiversity ConservationCarbonCarbon dioxideCarbon Financecarbon storageCase Studiescatastrophic eventsClean EnergyClimateCLIMATE ADAPTATIONClimate ChangeClimate Change Adaptationclimate change forecastsClimate Change Fundclimate change impactsclimate change issuesclimate change mitigationclimate change risksclimate conditionsClimate Dataclimate extremesclimate goalsclimate impactsClimate Investmentclimate mitigationclimate modelingClimate Modelsclimate outcomesclimate patternsClimate ResilienceClimate RiskClimate Risk ManagementClimate risk screeningclimate risksclimate scienceclimate scientistsclimate sensitiveclimate stressclimate systemclimate trendsClimate Variabilityclimate vulnerabilityclimate-proofclimate-related disasterclimate-related risksclimatic conditionsclimatic stimuliCoCO2Coastcoastal areasCoastal zoneCoastal zone managementCoastal Zonesconsequences of climate changeConservationconvergencecost-benefitcost-benefit analysiscropscyclonesdamagesdamsdikesdisaster preventionDisaster ReliefDisaster RiskDisaster Risk ManagementDisaster Risk ReductionDisastersdiscount ratesdonor communityDroughtDrought Mitigationeconomic growthecosystememissionemission scenariosEmissionsEmissions from Deforestationenergy efficiencyenergy infrastructureenergy priceenergy useerosionestuariesevaporationEvapotranspirationextreme climate eventsExtreme Climatic Eventsextreme eventsextreme precipitationextreme weatherfeasibilityfinancial productsfinancial resourcesFinancial RiskFinancial Risk Managementfinancial supportfinancial sustainabilityfisheriesFloodflood controlflood mitigationFlood RiskfloodingFloodsForestForest CarbonforestryforestsFramework Convention on Climate Changefuture climate changeGCMGeneral Circulation Modelgeographic areasGeographic InformationGeographic Information Systemglacial lakeglacial lake outburstGlobal ClimateGlobal Climate ChangeGlobal Climate Modelglobal climate systemGlobal Environment Facilitygreenhousegreenhouse gasgreenhouse gas emissionsgreenhouse gas mitigationgreenhouse gasesgroundwatergroundwater rechargehousehold consumptionhuman activityhydrological datahydrologyimpacts from climate changeImpacts of Climate ChangeincomeInsurance SchemesIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Changeinvestment decisionsIPCCland managementLand Useland use changeland usesLivestock Insurancelong-term climate changemangrovesmarine resourcesmeteorologymicro-insuranceMitigationNational Climatenatural climate variabilityoil productionparksperformance standardsplantationPortfolioPrecipitationprecipitation eventsprecipitation patternsrainrainfallrate of climate changereduced groundwaterremote sensingreservoirsrisks from climate changeRiversatellite datasea icesea level risestorm surgestorm surgesStormstemperaturetemperature extremestotal damagestropical cyclonetropical forestsuncertaintiesvegetationvulnerability to climate changevulnerability to climate variabilityWatershedWatershed Managementwaveswetlandswindwind speedwind speeds10.1596/21106